Energy, Spacetime and Riemann Sphere

The ultimate goal of the special relativity theory, if we are aware of, is the unification of the spacetime and energy. The union of these two would reveal the reality of energy which differs entirely from what we used to think about. Energy is a substance whose geometrical structure is reflected by the dimensionality of its spacetime.

Our ordinary [four-dimensional] spacetime is the physical manifestation of the energy whose vibrations are four-dimensional. As a [three-dimensional] human being we can only perceive this pure energy through its superficial three-dimensional aspect. Many underlying higher-dimensional ambient spaces which physicists have discovered, as they are adventuring deeper and deeper into the micro-world realms, are nothing but the reflections of various hyper-vibrations energies.

The relativity theory demonstrates that energy as a whole is inherently composed of positive and negative energies, as implicitly expressed in the relativistic energy equation E² = m²c⁴ + p²c². The segregation of its opposite parts that resulted in the split of energy created a 3-hypersurface (space) between the two halves of its separated respective spacetime. The world was not created through the "big" tiny bang bursting out of nothing.

In the quantum realm, energy as a wave can be described proportionally to its frequency as expressed by the Planck equation, E=hv.  We can express the energy, not only microscopically but also macroscopically, in term of the wavefunction whose character is completely holistic and non-local. However, the more natural way for us to grasp, is to express it in a periodic function such as a Fourier series ^a) or its complex form: the Laurent series ^b). 

In the relativistic framework, we map events in a complex plane where we express time in term of an imaginary variable. In such a plane, we have a Laurent series written as:

f(z) = F⁺(z) + c₀ + F^–(z),

which is a wave function expressed as the sum of its positive frequency (F⁺(z)) and negative frequency (F^–(z)). Physically, the constant term c₀ represents the real space at t=0 (the present now). This c₀, wholly or partially, becomes either the part of F⁺(z) or F^–(z) or maybe both. However, as there is only positive energy, at least in this corner of the world where we live in, the space (c₀) should be part of the positive ocean of energy, F⁺(z), and on the other side of the world it should be part of negative ocean of energy, F^-(z).

Geometrically, we can figure out this more clearly in terms of the Riemann sphere, the stereographic projection of the complex plane. On this sphere, we can transform the real axis (X) of the complex plane into a circle located on the equator, while the imaginary time coordinate (it) by the longitudinal circles. The positive frequency F⁺(z) extends holomorphically into the southern hemisphere, and the negative frequency F^–(z) extends holomorphically into the northern hemisphere (Figure 1). 

From this description, we have a complete similarity between that of purely mathematical geometry with the relativistic (Minkowski) spacetime geometry (Figure 2 A and B). The real circle on the Riemann sphere represents the 3-hypersurface (space) in the Minkowski 4-spacetime which separates it into two 4-halves. The positive energy segregates to one half, and the negative energy segregates to the other half of the spacetime. We can These two halves are respectively represented by the southern and northern hemispheres on the Riemann sphere. The real circle on the Riemann sphere and the hypersurface in the Minkowski spacetime, each represents the loci of all matters which may exist in the whole universe.

With this simple mathematical representation, we can have a deeper insight into how nature may work. As we have figured out previously, the real circle in the Riemann sphere represents the space, and the imaginary circle represents the time path. As time passes by along the imaginary circle, space (real circle) is rotating accordingly along the time direction (imaginary circle). As time flows resemble electric current, space is also rotating on its plane following the right-hand rule. The rotation of this space as a whole rotates, in turn, all celestial bodies from the super-galaxies down to galaxies, solar systems, and the earth.

Notes:

References:

1. Penrose, R.: “The Road to Reality”, Vintage Books, London, 2005, pp. 157-162.

Energy, Spacetime and Riemann Sphere