The Crumple of the Spacetime

The General Relativity theory was developed based on the premise that the gravity force is the manifestation of the 4D-spacetime curvature ^a). This physical concept was derived from Riemann’s idea¹ that the force was nothing but a consequence of geometry, thus, banished Newton’s unnatural concept of “action-at-a-distance”.

However, Einstein mindset was to stick with intrinsic geometry in the sense that the spacetime as a system was regarded as having no surroundings or being embedded in nothingness ^b). In fact, when physicists talk about the wrinkle of the [4D-] spacetime they never care about which directions (dimensions) it wrinkles goes.

The strict concept of the geometry dictates otherwise ². The geometry concept of m-metric manifolds (hyperspaces) ^c) is a straightforward generalization of ideas of the study of surfaces embedded in 3D-space. However, it has been proven that in the circumstances in which an m-dimensional curved hypersurface can be embedded in the n-dimensional [Euclidean] ^d) manifold if at least n = ½ m(m + 1).

The crumple of the ordinary 2D-surface, a piece of paper, for example, requires a third dimension (3D-ambient space) for it to occur. But hardly anybody is aware that the crumple of 3D-space requires not only a fourth dimension but at least 3 additional dimensions (6D-ambient spacetime) ^e). Similarly, the crumple of 4D-spacetime would require at least 10D-ambient spacetime for it to occur without constraint in any direction (Figure-1). Does the nothingness have such properties for being able to embed something? What is nothingness anyway?

Nobody should blame Einstein on this negligence. People were just horrified about the idea of 4D-spacetime which had been introduced by Minkowski beforehand, not mention the 10D-spacetime. Had Einstein been aware of this higher dimensional surrounding requirement he would probably still prefer to take the surrounding as nothingness rather than 10D-ambient spacetime.

A more recent theory such as that of superstring requires 10D-ambient spacetime ^f) for its equations to be solvable.  Alas, being uncomfortable with such bizarre vast extension ^g) of the ambient spacetime, physicists blow down ^h) the majestic surroundings assuming the extra dimensions being curled leaving the ordinary 4 dimensions to remain intact.

Even after the superstring theory was established, Big Bang theory as the cosmological application of the General Relativity theory maintains its premise on the nothingness instead of 10D-ambient spacetime taken as the surrounding of the expanding 4D-spacetime. As such, Big Bang theory misses a bigger part of the “stage” that in no way it can explain the substantial missing dark matter and dark energy.

Having many defects in its premise Big Bang theory would eventually fall short except it takes among other the 10D-ambient spacetime as the surrounding of the universe (4D-spacetime) instead of nothingness.

Notes:

a)    Arthur Eddington expedition carried out to South Africa during the solar eclipse in 1919 verified the shifting of the position of a star within the field near the sun, thus, proving Einstein's general relativity prediction of the bending of light around a massive object.

b)   There is a vague definition of absolute nothingness or emptiness but we may guess that what most physicists mean by it is a sort of extension (spacetime) with an indefinite number of dimensions [zero or infinite dimensions?] having neither matter nor energy.

c)     The notation of n-spacetime is equivalent to n-hyperspace or n-hypersurface.

d)     This is the reason why the laws of nature look simpler in higher dimensions. If the dimensions of the surrounding spacetime are high enough then we might have a flat (Euclidean) surrounding where the physical laws become simpler.

e)    We may speculate that the existence of three generations of particles is the manifestation of 4D, 5D and 6D-particles abiding in the respective 4D, 5D and 6D-spacetime. The manifestation of the last two generations into our world could be only the cross-section of their whole body.

f)   The string theory accidentally derived the 10 dimensions mathematical requirement from Beta function originally dedicated to solving the strong force quest. The coincidence with the 10 dimensions geometrical requirement of the ambient spacetime embedding the 4D-spacetime is stupendous.

g)     Since they are not visible, the string theorists regard the extra-dimensions as spatial and being curled into tiny loops.

h)   Physicists assume that the 10D-ambient spacetime splits into a 4D-spacetime and a tiny curly 6D-metric manifold. This premise doesn't absolutely make sense just like the impossibility of splitting a 3D-cube into one 2D-plane and one 1D-line. The proper way to do it is successively splitting the 10D in two creating 9D as their interface and so forth down to 4D which we get as the interface of the two halves of the 5D split. We would, then, have a total of 7 spacetimes embedding each other in descending order of their dimensions.

The Crumple of the Spacetime

Energeticist vs Materialist

The idea that the world consists of continuous substance against that of tiny material parts occurred since the dawn of human history. By the end of the 19^th century, the proponents of the substance theory which then became energeticists confronted openly and fiercely with those of atomic theory which also known as materialists.

The ancients believed that the world consisted of the transformation of a single continuous substance which they called water with its various phase transformations such as fire, air and solid (earth). The energeticists held a similar idea that the real underlying component of the universe was energy in its various forms ^a).

Energeticists led by Ostwald turned to [chemical] thermodynamics which successfully described the physical and chemical reactions without recourse to the atomic hypothesis ¹⁾. Ostwald and his colleagues claimed that the molecules and atoms were just illusions.

Dalton and the proponents of the atomic idea held that all matter was made up of an extremely small solid having no internal structure, indivisible, unchangeable and indestructible. This theory has taken more than two millennia to evolve, from the time of the Greek philosopher ^b) Democritus of Abdera in the 5th century BC but has only been proved experimentally in the early 20^th century.

Debates between the proponents of the energetics and the atomic hypothesis were so fierce and rude that was believed to become part of the tragic suicide's cause of Boltzmann, one of the strong proponents of atomic hypothesis. However, following the work of Einstein on Brownian motion which pointed out the existence of atoms, Ostwald and his followers finally accepted that the atomic theory was scientifically well-founded.

Today nobody doubts about the existence of atoms. We do not have any problem with that,  but our main concern is on the question of the degree of existence of atoms or subatomic particles we are talking. In our previous articles it was concluded that at the quantum level there is no such matter which exists persistently. At every brief instance of time matter is created and annihilated perpetually out of and into energy at the pace equal to the speed of light ^c) as implicitly expressed in the Einstein equation E = mc² (Fig.1).

The theory of relativity which holds the equivalence of energy and mass in some extend dethrones the concept of matter as the building block of reality, bringing in a new notion of rest mass as a residual concept. However, the quantum theory launches a coup de grace sinking the materialism and classical mechanism for good as we interpret it in Figure-1.

Matter exists only ephemerally. The persistence of matter is just human illusion. The only substance persisting in time is energy from which all matters are derived. The final score of the debates was 1 to 1/2; the energeticists were right, and the materialistic proponents were only half right. The materialism including Marxism which holds matter as the sole subject of change is wrong both physically and philosophically.

Notes:                                                   

a)   The ancient “water” is nothing but the immaterial substance which is called energy in modern time. The ancient water and energy are two different names of the same thing. The ancients acknowledged that energy existed in different phases which ancient called earth (solid), water, air, and fire. In our modern time, we may comprehend these different phases of energy as having higher dimensions in successive order.

b)   The word atom comes from Greek which means indivisible.

c) It is the underlying reality of the wave and particle duality and its related phenomenon observed in the double-slit experiment.

References:

1.   Herbert, N.: "Quantum Reality," Anchor Books, New York, 1985, p. 10.

Energeticist vs Materialist

Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking

The asymmetry and its associated diversity that we observe today was the result of symmetry breakings which occurred in the early stage of the cosmos. In the beginning, ^a), the conditions were very different from those prevailing today, they were symmetric. The spatial dimensions as we know today did not yet exist; all dimensions were inherently temporal. However, as those temporal dimensions were yet undivided, there was no past, present ^b) and future.

At those conditions, the energy ^c) was unstable and tended to break into its positive and negative components. When it happened, the associated 4-spacetime (cosmos) ^d) was split into two parts creating an interface (3-hypersurface) in between the two. The dimensions across the interface transformed into spatial; leaving the dimensions outside it remained intact ^e).  Space, therefore, was born.

The two opposing energies ^f) perpetually generated sort of 4-lights (quantum fields) piercing through the interface (space) inducing secondary 3-(classical) fields which permeated and propagated across the interface (Figure-1A). As the quantum fields hit the interface, the strongest of them (Higgs fields) generated bright sparks which immediately disappeared as the opposite fields annihilated them (Figure-1B).

The fundamental particles as we know are in reality nothing but these quantum-sparks which perpetually appear and disappear at the interface. As those quantum fields hit the entire surface of the interface and penetrate it only a short distance (across through the thickness of the space), they seem to us (who live in such interface/3-space) as eternal, omnipresent and invisible objects that can create and annihilate quantum particles.

Minkowski ^{1, g)} brilliantly fused the space and time into its undifferentiated state and brought back the spacetime into its original condition. However, then, something wrong happened. Instead of bringing the spacetime back into its symmetrical condition, Einstein²assumed that such unification did not make the temporal and spatial dimensions equivalent. Einstein failed to recognize that the asymmetry as we see today was the result of the spacetime symmetry breaking. This blunder has hampered the progress of physics for more than one hundred years now.

On the discovery of the four-dimensional spacetime, Einstein³ commented: “The non-mathematician is seized by a mysterious shuddering when he hears of four-dimensional things, by a feeling not unlike that awakened by thoughts of the occult.” No wonder, even after one hundred years of experience dealing with such spacetime, physicists are still bewildered and fail to recognize that their chaotic spacetime model does not represent the post symmetry breaking we observe today.

Supersymmetry Breaking and Multidimensional Worlds

The symmetry breaking of the 4-spacetime as we previously described was only one of the long series of successive symmetry breakings. It was the last of the long chain of a successive splitting of a higher-dimensional spacetime into its lower-dimensional parts.

To make it clear, let us take the ambient 10-spacetime as a start. As this 10-spacetime broke its supersymmetry, a 9-hypersurface came into being along with its associated temporal dimension, t₇.  The latter, in turn, was split creating a smaller 8-hypersurface and its associated time, t₆ and so forth. This series of splits continued resulting in successive creations of the spacetimes in descending order of their dimensions and ended when the 3-space came into being along with its associated time t₁. A total of seven worlds ^h) have successively come into being with their own time, t_i, light and its respective speed, c_i, Planck constant, h_i, and “gravitational” constant, G_i.

We can depict those seven worlds in term of their relative dimensionality (Figure-2.) or pictorially described as concentric spheres whose dimensions are larger outwards, in which the innermost layer is the 3-space with all of its solar system, stars, galaxies and super-galaxies (Figure-3A).

It is worthy to note that this picture may clarify the exact physical meaning of the ancient cosmology. For hundreds of years, people had wrongly considered this configuration as the geocentric cosmology in which the earth was at the center of the universe (Figure-3B). Even now, modern physicists fail to properly grasp the multidimensionality of the seven heavens described in the ancient cosmology ⁴.

Notes:

a.    It is the relative beginning, not the beginning of time.

b. The notation of spacetime given for the cosmos at its original state is misleading as it gives the impression as it was asymmetrical from the beginning. It would be more appropriate if we use the notation world, cosmos or more technically [metric] manifold.

c.  Energy in its entirety (4-energy); to avoid misunderstanding it would be more appropriate if we use the ancient notation: eon or simply eon.  The energy as we know is merely its superficial property (3-energy).

d.  There was no space, as space and the present time are different aspects of the same thing.

e.  This symmetry breaking is analogous to the phenomenon which occurs in the separation of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. In the body of the liquids, the cohesive forces are symmetric exerting equally in all directions. At the interface, however, such symmetry is broken because of unbalanced force exerting at the interface. As the system is in equilibrium,  the potential energy known as interfacial tension counter the net unbalance force. In terms of coordinate geometry, we may say that the interfacial tension differentiates the dimensions across the interface ("superficial" dimensions) from those of the original.

f.   The relativistic energy is composed of two opposite components as expressed in E² = m²c⁴ + p²c²

g.  Minkowski died one year only after the discovery, leaving confusion on his discovered object (spacetime)’s structure.

h.   The ancients called such worlds seven heavens.

References:

1.  Einstein, A. et al.: " The Principle of Relativity," Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1952, p. 75.

2.    Einstein, A.: " The Meaning of Relativity," Princeton University Press, Fifth Edition, New Jersey, 1954, p. 31

3.  Einstein, A.: "Relativity," Crown Publishers Inc., Fifteenth Edition, New York, 1952, p.55

4.  Hawking, S.: "A Brief History of Time," Bantam Books, London, 1989, p. 3.

Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking

IT’S NOW OR NEVER

For St. Augustine who knew about time until someone asked for him to explain ¹
For Albert Einstein who was worried about the problem of Now
For him who felt so sad that the experience of Now could not be grasped by science ²
For Eckhart Tolle who claimed of getting power from the Now ³

Also,… for Elvis Presley who used to sing the song

What is Time? What is Now?

The "now," the present time, is when everything is there
The past time is when everything was there but is not there anymore
The future time is when everything will be there but is not yet there

The present is when everything is present
The past is when everything was present but is not present anymore
The future is when everything will be present, but is not yet present

The present is when everything does exist
The past is when everything did exist but does not exist anymore
The future is when everything will exist but does not yet exist

Everything does exist simultaneously in a very brief moment of now ^a)

Nothing does exist in the past and the future

Everything does exist just only now, right now, in this very brief moment of now

When now becomes the past, everything is annihilated
When the future becomes now, everything is created ^b)
Nothing persists; everything is created and annihilated perpetually and orderly
Space is nothing but the simultaneous presence of everythingSpace is the totality of now
Now and space are indistinguishable, the two different aspects of the same thing ^c)

Now separates the past from the futureSpace separates the past from the future Space is there to establish cosmos out of chaos ^d).

Technical Notes:

a)    The relativity theory denies the existence of the absolute simultaneity of now. What we are talking about in this case is within the framework of multiple extra-temporal dimensions (as against the concept of curled extra-spatial dimensions), where the term of “now” here is similar but in a higher temporal dimension. We can always find a higher temporal dimensional where everything happens simultaneously (a completely flat higher-dimensional space).

b)   We view it from human perspectives and languages. It turns the reality entirely upside-down.  The perpetual creation and annihilation do not happen in time. On the contrary, the act of perpetual creation and annihilation which makes time appears to pass by. Enough for wishful time travel debates and no more chronology protection is required.

c)   The "now" and space is the smallest unit of [four-dimensional] time. Space, which can be regarded as a 3-hypersurface, having a thickness (in the direction of the fourth dimension) of 10^-33 cm. This thickness is also representing the duration of fundamental time unit (10^-44 second) which we call Now.

d)  The interplay between the positive and negative energies perpetually creates a dynamic ephemeral space. A spacetime without space (universal "now") is chaotic.  Under the current light-cones framework, we cannot single out the simultaneity of events from the chaos of coexistence and succession of things.

References:

1.   Russell, B.:” History of  Western Philosophy," Routledge, London, 1996, p. 352

2.   Barbour, J.:" The End of Time," Phoenix, London, 2001, p. 143

3.   Tolle, E.:" The Power of Now," New World Library, Novato, California, 1999

IT’S NOW OR NEVER