Dark Energy versus Dirac and anti-Dirac Seas

A big mystery arose from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae carried out in 1998 that the Universe was expanding more slowly than it is today. The expansion of the Universe has been accelerating instead of slowing down due to gravity. No one knew how to explain the mystery, and it remains so until today.

Physicists came up with several explanations. Some of them posited that energy is a property of space ^a) and some other brought in the existence of a strange kind of energy-fluid that fills space.  Both theories imply that such energy would not dilute as space expands. The remaining directly challenged Einstein's theory of gravity and proposed a new theory which includes some field that creates the cosmic acceleration.  

Physicists could not say for sure which explanation was correct except that they only offered a solution by giving it a name: dark energy ^b). They tried to explain how space acquires energy from the quantum theory of matter. The so-called 'empty' space is actually full of virtual particles that continually appear and disappear. When physicists tried to calculate how much energy this space would give, they believed that the answer came out exceedingly wrong, i.e. 10¹²⁰ times too big. There is no way that physicists could explain such mysterious phenomenon as far as they stick to the Big Bang cosmology. 

Now, the Grand Relativity Theory that we propose can reveal the mystery of dark energy in a different way. Dark energy is nothing but the unfathomable gigantic 4D-Dirac and anti-Dirac energy seas contained “beneath” our 3D-universe (hypersurface) whose effects are piercing through it (Figure-1). It was not surprising that physicists found that the vacuum energy was enormous, about 120 orders of magnitude too large than that of measured ^c).

The 3D-energy measured in our daily experience is merely the gauge against this enormous 4D-vacuum energy. However, why can't we see this "dark" energy? It is the beautiful mystery of the higher dimensional spaces' properties that most people overlook. The being that lives in 3D-world cannot see something that resides in 4D-world or higher. The 3D-electromagnetic waves ^d) can only propagate across the 3D-hypersurface, not off of it (Figure-2). 

The universe' expansion is the result of the gradual split of 4D-Dirac and 4D-anti-Dirac energy seas, and the tremendous strong opposite angular momentum exerted globally by those two opposing energy seas on either side of the 3D-hypersurface ^e) cause its acceleration. Meanwhile, the local effect of such momentum exerting the orbital speed of galaxies we perceive as though clumped dark matters ^f) exist in there.

The 4D-dark energy is omnipresent, not necessarily in the far away galaxies but even extremely close to us piercing through within the inside of our body. We can discern its effect only within on enormous astronomical scales. We may perceive it along the direction of y4^th dimension (time-like distance) which d) we cannot. It is from this same direction that the Hoyle C-fields or Higgs fields bombarding our 3D-universe (hypersurface) across to create and annihilate “normal” matter composing 5% of the total energy that affects our 3D-universe.

Notes:

a. It is related to a long-discarded mathematical cosmological constant contained in Einstein's theory of gravity.

b.  It turns out that this dark energy composes of roughly 68% of the Universe, the remaining is made up by 27% dark matter and 5% matter. 

c.  What physicists measured as [3D-] vacuum energy was superficial, i.e. the balance of those two polar 4D-energy seas which, if not zero (mirror symmetry), is a relatively small number (skew symmetry).

d.  There exist in grand cosmic higher dimensional electromagnetic waves which propagate in corresponding dimensional spaces. 

e.  We may refer to this 3D-hypersurface as 3D-Dirichlet brane as the superstring theory does. The theory, however, should structure the brane similar to that for a hypersurface in the Grand Relativity Theory. Alternatively, if we are religious enough, we may refer it to as Genesis' 3D-firmament (firmamentum, Lat, raqia, Heb.) which lies between [4D-Dirac] water which is above and [4D-anti-Dirac] water which is below.

f.   There is no such dark matter exists in nature. What one observes as the galaxies' fast orbital phenomenon is nothing but the effect of the tremendous strong opposite angular momentum exerted locally by those two polar energy seas on either side of the 3D-hypersurface (our universe). We can rule out, therefore, the use of gravitational lenses effect, as what some astrophysicists tried to do, as a tool to detect the existence of dark matter because the attractive gravitational effects attributed to dark matter are merely a side-effect of dark energy. Some physicists have already speculated that dark matter and dark energy is a single energy field that produces different effects at different scales, but they did not know how to model it physically. 

 

Dark Energy versus Dirac and anti-Dirac Seas

BIG SPLIT vs BIG BANG

The special relativity theory concerns with the fundamentals namely space, time, energy, and matter which nature has puzzled people for thousands of years. It has classified and unified those fundamentals into two distinct entities: the spacetime and energy. The space and time are unified into a four-dimensional entity called the spacetime while the energy and matter into a single energy substance from which matter is derived, as expressed in Einstein famous equation E = mc2.

Most people consider that spacetime and energy are separate entities. The spacetime is like a sort of container and energy something that fills it. However, we see the spacetime and energy are inseparable just as the spherical form and water substance of a water drop to be. The spacetime is just the geometrical aspect of energy. As a geometrical quality of energy, the spacetime has no existence on its own. Energy is primordial, neither can be destroyed nor created, from which everything else is derived.

The dimensionality and polarity of energy

The dimensionality of the spacetime is just the reflection of the degree of freedom and the potency of energy as a whole. The higher the energy potency the bigger the number of the spacetime’s dimensions to be. This is the fact behind the existence of higher dimensional worlds which some advanced physical theories revealed. Definitely, with their extra-dimensions being well extended not curling up into small sizes, they are like what most physicists hypothesized.

Under the special relativity, the energy as a whole is much more like a 4-dimensional ocean. What we know about energy in our daily life is only superficial, not the whole thing. From this perspective, energy seems to have no existence on its own. It is only as a sort of an abstraction which indirectly known from its functional relationship to other physical variables or coordinates.

Another important principle that the special relativity theory reveals is the polarity of the energy. The energy as a whole consists of positive and negative energies as expressed in the relativity energy equation E2 = m2c4+p2c2. Surprisingly, nobody has paid enough attention to this energy polarity, which in reality is the basic prerequisite of the creation of the universe.

Creation by Separation

The energy as a whole tends to separate into its positive and negative components. As they segregate from each other, a 3-interface (space) is created in between the two; analogous to the interface which exists between oil and water that we can observe in our daily life.

How do the two opposite energies split? The split is taking place gradually like a crack propagating across a glass sphere. As such the 3-interface is stretching out; the universe is expanding. The repulsive force of the opposite energies that stretches out the 3-interface (space) is the [external] energy that we call the dark energy. This is the creation theory that we put forward as an alternative against the Big-Bang theory.

Ephemeral Particles, Probabilistic and Non-Locality Features of Nature

The interplay between the positive and negative energies gives rise to quantum fields piercing through and igniting quantum-sparks (“quarks”) at the 3-interface analogous to the pixels appearing and disappearing at a gigantic plasma TV screen. This is the reality of the quanta, the ephemeral fundamental particles.

Fundamental particles are created and annihilated to and fro the energy in accordance with the energy equation E=mc2. There is no persistent fundamental particle exists in nature. What we perceive as a persistent particle in the macro realm is, in reality, the appearance of a series of different particles subsequently created and annihilated one after another. It is analogous to the flame of a candle which is never being the same entity at any different instant.

As such, there could be no continuity and deterministic feature of nature. Instead, the discontinuity and probabilistic are the normal features of nature which are the basic characteristic of quantum mechanics. Another feature of the quantum mechanics, the non-locality, is nothing but the manifestation of the perpetual particles’ creations which are taking place simultaneously.

The Instant of Time, the Wave Motion of Particles, Rotating Universe

The perpetual creations and annihilations of particles give us an impression that time is running by. The rate of perpetual creation and annihilation is the underlying of the speed of light. The non-reversibility of the process determines the direction of time.

The act of creation and annihilation does not take place in time but builds up time. Had the fundamental particles been created permanently, there would be no instant of time. This is the mystery about the nature of time that puzzled humankind since the dawn of history.

What we perceived as a permanent particle moving forward is, in fact, a series of different particles subsequently appear and disappear, analogous to water wave motion in which individual water molecule doesn’t move forward but only moving up and down. We may call this water “eter” (energy-water) in place of ether, the classical primordial substance.

The 3-dimensional interface between the two energies is dynamic. The repulsive opposite energies rotate the interface in the normal direction to its plane, the fourth dimension. This interface, the universal now, is not necessarily flat but curving here and there representing the different local times. This space perpetually appears and disappears concurrently with the ephemeral particles which build up space.

References:

Einstein, Albert et al.:” The Principle of Relativity Theory,” Dover Publication, Inc, New York, 1952

Einstein, Albert:” The Meaning of Relativity,” Princeton Science Library, New Jersey, edition 1988,

Greene, Brian:” The Fabric of The Cosmos,” Knopf, New York, 2004

BIG SPLIT vs BIG BANG