Space Thickness

The relativity theory covers the macroscopic aspect of the world conceptualized as a flat or curved hypersurface.  However, hardly anybody is aware that we may incorporate the quantum phenomena into the theory by merely taking into account the hypersurface's thickness, its microscopic scale. We call such a unified theory the Grand Relativity Theory (GrRT).

Any physical object should have a thickness ^a) regardless of its dimensions; otherwise, it would disappear into thin air. Our physical space is no exception. The effect of space thickness, yielding a higher degree of freedom for particles to maneuver, intensifies as we probe to smaller distances approaching the thickness' magnitude (Figure-1).  

This scenery is spectacularly demonstrated by the string theory which, albeit of its imperfectness, can [mathematically] discover the ten-dimensionality of the ambient space. Whether the string theorists can properly portray such higher-dimensional space or not is a different story.

GrRT posits, on the contrary to the classical theory's premise, that the 4-dimensional spacetime doesn't at all represent the real but the primitive world. Inherently, the spacetime is symmetric, static and eternal. As such, all of its dimensions are entirely equivalent.

It is only when the spacetime splits in two ^b) that the dimensions are differentiating themselves into spatial and temporal. Following this spontaneously symmetry breaking, a thin 3-dimensional interface (hypersurface) ^c) is taking place in between the two halves of the split spacetime.

Now, the interfacial tension that holds the interface intact makes the dimensions extending along the hypersurface tenser and more "tangible" than that normal to it. We call the above dimensions spatial while the latter we call temporal. The hyper-interfacial tension which is responsible for this differentiation we recognize as the Gravity Constant.

The fourth [temporal] dimension extending normal to the hypersurface manifests the dynamical aspect of the world. The space thickness measured along this dimension is extremely thin, around 10 ^-33 cm or equivalent to 10 ^-44 second, the minimum thickness that nature allows, below which space and time have no meaning.

Because of its small thickness, the hypersurface is inherently unstable. Such a space barely exists, perpetually appears and disappears which makes the world extremely dynamic.

The size of the space thickness which determines the duration of space's presence we call now. Space and the now are the different aspects of the same thing. We perceive the sequence of space's appearance, presence, and disappearance as the successive transformations of the future into now and the past.

Matters exclusively present at now. They exist only along the thin hypersurface (space), not outside of it, which is nothing but pure energy ^d). The parts of the spacetime on either side of this thin space, we call the future and the past (Figure-2).

The extension of this concept for higher dimensional spacetime is straightforward, except that there come about successive spontaneous symmetry breakings. A hypersurface of one dimension lower than its embedding space, together with its corresponding temporal dimension, is created every time the split occurs.

Within the ten-dimensional ambient spacetime which the string theory reveals, a total of seven successive splits have taken place before our dynamical world comes to the existence. We thus have seven worlds embedded one within another, each with its corresponding temporal dimension.

Multidimensional time is still an alien concept for physicists. Physicists thought that the only vast and extended world existing in nature is that of four-dimensional. They believe that time is unique, the only dimension of its kind. The extra-dimensions, if they exist, should be spatial and curled up into extremely tiny loops.

This premise makes the task of string theorists extremely untenable as there are around 10⁵⁰⁰ possible ways on how the extra-dimensions may curl up. Nobody is crazy enough for not using the Occam’s razor to get rid of such problem and for good.

Notes:

a.   A physical object may have some thicknesses depending on the ambient space dimensions we take into account. Within our 3-dimensional ambient space, a 2-dimensional plane has one thickness, while the 1-dimensional thread has two thicknesses.

b.     The energy which is inherently composed of the opposing components tends to break up into its component, i.e. the positive and negative energies.  When this happens, the spacetime which is nothing but the geometrical manifestation of the [vacuum] energy, splits into two halves creating a hypersurface in between the two.

c.    We use the notation of space, hypersurface, and interface interchangeably. The hypersurface is a straightforward generalization of the concept from the geometry of surfaces embedded in the three-dimensional Euclidean manifolds.

d.    The mainstream physicists portray the 4-dimensional spacetime, dubbed the world, as being filled with matters throughout the full extensions. There are no [microscopic] universal now, matters existing in the past, now and future "have" an equal reality, as such that time travel becomes possible leading to paradoxes and chaos.

Space Thickness

Eternalism vs Presentism

The relativity theory unifies space and time into a single 4-dimensional continuum called the spacetime.  Albeit their unity, however, the theory inexplicably assumes that the nature of dimensions at every point in the continuum differentiates into those of the space and time.

Such concept of spacetime sometimes is referred to as the block time, block universe or eternalism. We have considered time as having similar ontology to that of space, that future events are already there, and that there is no objective flow of time. The spacetime is viewed as an unchanging 4-dimensional block as opposed to the view of the world as a 3-dimensional space perpetually modulated by the passage of time ¹.

This concept of the block universe adopted by mainstream physics makes the physics now in trouble. This concept is wrong both physically and philosophically. A continuum should have inherently similar dimensions at its every point, except there is a discontinuity or boundary ^a) along which the block's dimensions are transformed into spatial (Figure-1).

In our daily life, one observes the difference between the past, the present, and the future. One perceives that as time passes, the moment that was once the present becomes part of the past, and part of the future, in turn, becomes the new present. As such, we experience or at least perceive the passage of time, with a present moment moving forward into the future and leaving the past behind ². Philosophically, such a view of time is called presentism.

As we explain in the previous articles, our concept about the spacetime continuum is in line with this presentism, except that everything exists ephemerally. As such, when the part of the [nebulous] future transformed into the new present, the moment that was once the present is annihilated into part of the [void] ^b) past. In this view, only the present is real, as opposed to eternalist idea that all points in time are equally real.

This act of perpetual creation and annihilation gives us the perception of time passage. This modified presentism accentuates the actuality of the present and its obvious difference from the potentiality of the future and the nullity of the past. Matters which exist only in the present are exerted by the gravity and held together as a single whole on the plane ^c) of the present.

In order that the cause and effect principle prevails in their "chaotic" block universe, the physicists are forced to set up a light-cones system in which the individual light-cone may have a different orientation (Figure-2). However, such a concept may lead us to a chaotic closed timelike curve ^three that questions the integrity of such physical edifice.

The physicists are unaware that in such a symmetric block universe, which is timeless and eternal, no matter can exist, neither movement nor changes can occur. Sooner or later the mainstream physicists should abandon their concept of the block universe which has led us to many misinterpretations such as determinism, time travel, many-worlds interpretation and so forth.

In the presentist universe, the block is spontaneously broken ^d) in two halves, creating a 3-dimensional interface in between the two as it is transforming the dimension along the interface into spatial. Space and the present time are, in fact, two different aspects of the same thing which is the smallest unit of time. The eternity is, thus, broken bearing perpetually the present moment which splits the past barely from the future.

Notes:

a). Such as an interface or a surface in the case of liquid-like or a fissure in the case of a solid-like continuum.

b). Void of matter but not of energy.

c). or a wavy surface or interface in order to be in line with the general relativity theory.

d). It may happen because of the segregation of a pair of energy's opposing elements: the positive and negative energy.

Reference:

1.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_universe

2.  Ibid.

3.  Penrose, R.: "The Road to Reality," Vintage Books, London, 2005, p. 409.

Eternalism vs Presentism