Why the Grand Relativity Theory? (Part IV)

Our world is only shadows, mere projections from the reality beyond our ordinary space and time. Despite its apparent materiality and enormous size, the [3D]-space and its contents do not exist of itself. With its material contents, space perpetually appears and disappears at the rate equal to the speed of light, creating a dynamic dimension that we call time.

The world around us seems to persist because nobody can see the discontinuity of time, which interval is in the order of 10^-44 seconds. What we recognize as the passage of time is nothing but the manifestation of the creation and annihilation of series of 10⁴⁴ 3D-space in a second ^a). Space is a series of spaces, one to the next, separated by a gap of nonexistence.

Within such a gap of nonexistence ^b), the locality no longer has any meaning. It manifests the undivided wholeness in which all become united and entangled. At such non-locality, the speed limit does not have any sense as no matter, and even light exists, only energy does.  

The nonexistence is far from being a vacuum state. It is a plenum full of energy, the ground for all existence, inanimate and animate beings. The matter is merely an ephemeral derivative of energy perpetually created and annihilated under the interaction of the opposite positive and negative energy ^c).

The sequence locality and non-locality (Figure-1) taking place in a series at the rate equal to the speed of light fashions the passage of time. As the quantum measurement can only take the snapshot of the existence and not the whole series of the existence-nonexistence, it gives us perception as though the act of measurement collapses the wavefunction ^d).

The successive transformation of the local and nonlocal orders is, therefore, not in point-to-point correspondence. It is the underlying probabilistic feature of quantum mechanics against the classical deterministic mechanism.

In a grander picture of the cosmos, this dynamic, temporary space is like a front-wave propagating at the speed of light across an unimaginably vast ocean of high energy (Figure-2). This front-wave perpetually rises and dissipates above and below the level of the surface of the sea.

In Bohm’s notion, this dynamic phenomenon is called the unfoldment of the implicate order and enfoldment of the explicate order ^e), like what implies in the hologram ^f). According to Bohm ¹, the universe is like a kind of sizeable dynamic hologram or holo-movement.

It is only at this wave structure (unfolded order) that every materialized thing is localized. In this front-wave, the universe where we live, the local order implies. It is what we call the present time, its surrounding surface, and the vast ocean beneath it, is nonlocal (enfolded order) ^g).

                                  

This super-implicate order is the foundation that has given birth to everything in our universe. This infinite sea of energy must contain every configuration of created matter, energy, and more sophisticated forms of energy, i.e., information (knowledge), consciousness, intelligence, and life ^h). We may visualize those as multilayer grand cosmos, each layer representing an individual universe is embedded one within another, in successively higher and higher dimensions (Figure-3) ⁱ⁾.

What the fantastic thing is that the working of the universe seems to conform to that of the human brain. Karl Pribram ^2, a neurophysiologist at Stanford University, discovered the brain works under the hologram mechanism ^j). He concluded that if the brain works following the holographic model, then so does the universe.

The world around us was just an illusion. The universe and everything within existing only in a series of a fraction of seconds successively separated by gaps of nonexistence. Notwithstanding, as both the brain and cosmos work at the same mechanism and rhythm, we the human being feel at home as we are unaware of experiencing such weird underlying reality.

This grand relativity theory is the theory of everything in its proper meaning.

[The end of the series]

Notes: 

a. There is no such [material] thing that persists in nature. Everything "within" space perpetually appears and disappears "through" time, except the energy which alone continues. The persistence of matter and space is just an illusion.

b.  In the state of nonexistence, everything dissolves into energy. As such, space and time have no meaning; the nonlocal order implies.

c.  Energy as everything else in nature is the blending of its opposing parts, the positive and negative energies as implicitly expressed in the relativistic energy equation E²=m²c⁴+p²c². The 4D-spacetime is split into two sections as the positive and negative energies globally segregating from each other. The interface of opposing energies is the 3D-hypersurface (3D-space) on which their interactions create particles. This interaction occurs as the quantum fields generated by the opposite energies piercing through the interface igniting quantum sparks ("quarks") we perceive as particles.

d.    The wavefunction describes the gross sum of the manifestation of local-nonlocal orders mathematically. All the laws of motion in quantum mechanics correspond to enfoldment and unfoldment. Bohm put forward that the propagator (Green's function) determines the relation between the wavefunction at one time and its form at another time.

e.  Our current concepts of order, which have lasted for centuries, are based on Descartes's ideas, who introduced coordinate systems to describe the order in the physical process. The Cartesian grid and those of curvilinear coordinates essentially described a local order of separate points. However, the quantum realm doesn't take this kind of local order and seems to have no significant order which Bohm called implicit or enfolded order. This kind of nonlocal order is what hologram does have.

f.  The enfolded order which applies within such a nonlocal unbroken wholeness is what David Bohm called the implicate order, taking the analogy of the "order" produced in a hologram where each of its regions makes possible an image of the whole object. Rather than being in point-to-point correspondence, the entire object is enfolded in each part of the universe. Our classical notions of localized order imply in spacetime arise as limiting cases of the deeper implicate order. The manifest level of everyday experience and the quantum level underlying it emerges from a still deeper implicate level in which the classical Cartesian notions of form, order, and structure have more or less dissolved. Bohm believed that the implicate order would be more suitable for expressing the fundamental laws of nature than the explicate order, which is only a particular case of the general rule.

g.  Bohm described the universe as a comparatively small pattern of excitation. It is a ripple on the infinite ocean of energy, which is a deeper order enfolded in the warp of reality. Bohm failed to elucidate his idea more explicitly by describing geometrically i.e., the relative number of dimensions of the ripple vis-a-vis that of the ocean of energy. People blame his description of the universe in terms of implicate and explicate order to be merely a metaphor.

h. We may call all of the later (information, consciousness, intelligence, and life) energy but in different degrees of sophistication (dimensions). Nothingness in the sense of an absolute term in which it is devoid of matter and energy or anything else, emptiness, vacuum, absolute nonexistence, or whatever you call it is just pure human imagination.

i.  The dimensions shown in the figure are relative. We should bear in mind that each of those individuals (energy, information, consciousness, intelligence, and life) may have different levels of existence and, those, the variety of their dimensions.

j.   He found that memories do not localize at specific brain side but somehow spread out throughout the brain. Every part of the brain contains all the information necessary to recall a whole memory, just like the hologram of which every small fragment of a piece of holographic film contains all the information recorded on the whole.

References: 

1.     Bohm, D. et al.: "The Undivided Universe," Routledge, London, 1993, p. 374-380. 

2.     Talbot, M.: "The Holographic Universe," HarperPerennial, New York, 1992, p. 46-49

3.      Bohm, D. et al.: "The Undivided Universe," Routledge, London, 1993, p. 350-355.

Why the Grand Relativity Theory? (Part IV)

Zeno’s Motion Paradoxes and Modern Physics

The special relativity theory began with the initiative of Lorentz who suggested a general hypothesis, something crude, startling and bold. From Morley and Michelson’s experiments he concluded that any moving body must have undergone a contraction in the direction of its motion, and with a velocity v, a contraction in the ratio of 1: (1-v²/c²)^1/2. He assumed that molecular forces, like the electric and magnetic forces, were also transmitted through the ether. The translation would affect the action between two molecules or atoms in a manner resembling the attraction or repulsion between charged particles. Since the intensity of molecular actions ultimately conditions the form and dimensions of a solid body, there is a possibility to be a change of dimensions as well.

Combined with the hypothesis of time dilatation that Einstein subsequently put forward, Minkowski proved that, by unifying space and time called spacetime, the world configuration was 4-dimensional rather than the ordinary 3-dimensional. He demonstrated that the Lorentzian hypothesis was much more intelligible when explained under this new conception of space and time. For him, the length contraction was not to be looked upon as a consequence of resistance in the ether or anything of that kind but merely as a gift from the above, - as a companion circumstance to motion ³.

The problem of motion is not only the subject of modern physicists but had already become a brainteaser for the ancient people. For the ancients, the motion was different from the appearance they saw in daily life but rather the inner principle of change in nature. For over two millennia nobody offered better clues about more profound nature of motion than Zeno of Elea (ca. 490 - 430 BC) even over more modern scientist such as Newton and many others. Among his famous 60 paradoxes, only one of the most profound puzzles of mystery survives to our time, i.e., the flying arrow paradox, ^a) thanks to Aristotle who preserved them in his book of Physics.

Zeno raised the question about the continuation of space and time that even today's quantum physicists are struggling. Zeno saw that time consisted of a series of indivisible instants which make it impossible for something to move during a period at such an indivisible instant. He argued that an arrow would remain stationary if it occupied the same space at every indivisible instant. For Zeno, being at rest means that from one instant to another different instant, the body in question and all its parts occupy the same place ¹. Zeno hypothesized that for a motion to occur, an object must change the position which it occupies; thus, it should be shortening. 

However, still, Zeno missed the explanation on how the mechanism of shortening worked. We are not ashamed of helping Zeno by taking an example of a looper caterpillar’s motion. The method of this animal locomotion is incredible because of a walking style on two widely spaced groups of legs. At the front, just behind the head, are three pairs of small, segmented legs ending in tiny claws that help to grab onto plant material. Then, towards the end of the muscular and quite powerful body, a few more pairs of non-articulated fleshy lobes act as the hind legs. This set-up is perfect for creating the looping motion when the caterpillar is moving about on the plant. It stretches the front legs out to where it wants to go, grabs onto the plant material, then drags the hind legs up, while the body forms an impressive loop, like the U letter upside down or the Greek letter omega (Ω). As such, the contraction and straightening of the looper body make it advance. 

With such comparison, under our new interpretation of quantum theory, we can now illustrate the motion of an arrow flying ahead across its trajectory (Figure-1). Let l₁ be the length of the arrow flying following its path starting from an instant t₁ to another instant t₄.

Now, viewed at the quantum level in which the same arrow is the appearance of a series of different arrows consecutively created and annihilated (depicted respectively as the solid and dash-arrow). However, in such a moving body, the length of the arrow shortens to become l₂ in the subsequent creation the length of answers the fundamental question which nobody dares to pose as why the Lorentz contraction occurs. 

It is, therefore, imperative to see this phenomenon in the other way round. We used to see the motion of the body as the cause, and its contraction is the effect. We do not see as what Zeno did, that as far as the length of the body remains the same (no contraction) at any and every instant, then the motion is impossible.

We may, therefore, conclude that the contraction is the prerequisite for the motion to happen. The shorter the body has undergone a contraction, the faster the motion of the body would be ^c).

We should, also, scrutinize the second part of Zeno argument which holds the indivisibility of instants during which motion is impossible to occur. Such argument was correct if such a series of instants continued with no gaps in between two consecutive instants, which is not the case ^(d). We have elaborated in the previous articles that the perpetual creation and annihilation, the underlying quantum mechanism, resulting in a motion-pictures-like which is a series of time gaps separating the ephemeral spaces (Figure-2).

We should, therefore, make up our mind that the arrow ^e) existing in any instant is entirely different from that of immediately annihilated in the succeeding instant. As such, the newly created arrow can always take a different position from that in the previous instant.

It is unbelievable that a man who lived in such olden time may have such a deep insight puzzling the reality of motion that can only be answered by the relativity theory and quantum mechanics ^f) which, alas, nobody is aware.

The 2500 years old Zeno flying-arrow paradox is in its every respect, thus, comprehensively solved.

Notes:

a)   Most scholars regarded that motion had fully explained and calculus could explain the dichotomy paradox. Some philosophers, however, say that Zeno's paradoxes and their variations are still relevant to metaphysical questions. The mathematical models of motion, space and time are merely intellectual constructions built for the convenience of simple calculations, not for the broader purpose of representing the structure of reality. The underlying reality that the paradox addresses is, thus, evaded.

b) The Lorentzian hypothesis is entirely equivalent to the conception of Minkowski spacetime which makes the hypothesis much more intelligible.

c)   The relativity theory asserts that a rigid body is shorter when in motion than when in rest. In this theory, the speed of light c plays the part of a limiting velocity, which can neither be reached nor exceeded by any real body.

d)  It is how we have to interpret the underlying reality that Zeno addressed in his dichotomy, one of Zeno's four famous paradoxes, which was expressed in ordinary [non-relativist] velocities, thus, easily refuted by anybody.

e) Against Zeno’s theory of the continuation of time, Aristotle argued that if time is continuous and the points of time are represented as points of space, then the point's position must be represented by both the past and future. For him the point of division lies in one segment or the other, but not in both. If a white object were changing to black in a period divided into two intervals – A, during which it is white, and B, during which it is black – then there must be some instant C when it is both black and white ²⁾.

f)      This problematic, contradictory situation that C belongs to both A and B was not learned as it is repeated in modern time by the similar proposition of Schrodinger's cat paradox where the cat was potentially found both dead and alive at the same time.

g)     Microscopically prevailing over its quantum kinds of stuff.

h)   A newly interpreted quantum theory with the constant creation and annihilation of matter, to and fro energy, as its fundamental mechanics.

References:

1.     Mazur, J.: "The Motion Paradox," Dutton, New York, 2007, p. 41.

2.     Ibid, p. 40

3.   Einstein et al.: "The Principle of Relativity," Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1952, p. 81

Zeno’s Motion Paradoxes and Modern Physics

IT’S NOW OR NEVER

For St. Augustine who knew about time until someone asked for him to explain ¹
For Albert Einstein who was worried about the problem of Now
For him who felt so sad that the experience of Now could not be grasped by science ²
For Eckhart Tolle who claimed of getting power from the Now ³

Also,… for Elvis Presley who used to sing the song

What is Time? What is Now?

The "now," the present time, is when everything is there
The past time is when everything was there but is not there anymore
The future time is when everything will be there but is not yet there

The present is when everything is present
The past is when everything was present but is not present anymore
The future is when everything will be present, but is not yet present

The present is when everything does exist
The past is when everything did exist but does not exist anymore
The future is when everything will exist but does not yet exist

Everything does exist simultaneously in a very brief moment of now ^a)

Nothing does exist in the past and the future

Everything does exist just only now, right now, in this very brief moment of now

When now becomes the past, everything is annihilated
When the future becomes now, everything is created ^b)
Nothing persists; everything is created and annihilated perpetually and orderly
Space is nothing but the simultaneous presence of everythingSpace is the totality of now
Now and space are indistinguishable, the two different aspects of the same thing ^c)

Now separates the past from the futureSpace separates the past from the future Space is there to establish cosmos out of chaos ^d).

Technical Notes:

a)    The relativity theory denies the existence of the absolute simultaneity of now. What we are talking about in this case is within the framework of multiple extra-temporal dimensions (as against the concept of curled extra-spatial dimensions), where the term of “now” here is similar but in a higher temporal dimension. We can always find a higher temporal dimensional where everything happens simultaneously (a completely flat higher-dimensional space).

b)   We view it from human perspectives and languages. It turns the reality entirely upside-down.  The perpetual creation and annihilation do not happen in time. On the contrary, the act of perpetual creation and annihilation which makes time appears to pass by. Enough for wishful time travel debates and no more chronology protection is required.

c)   The "now" and space is the smallest unit of [four-dimensional] time. Space, which can be regarded as a 3-hypersurface, having a thickness (in the direction of the fourth dimension) of 10^-33 cm. This thickness is also representing the duration of fundamental time unit (10^-44 second) which we call Now.

d)  The interplay between the positive and negative energies perpetually creates a dynamic ephemeral space. A spacetime without space (universal "now") is chaotic.  Under the current light-cones framework, we cannot single out the simultaneity of events from the chaos of coexistence and succession of things.

References:

1.   Russell, B.:” History of  Western Philosophy," Routledge, London, 1996, p. 352

2.   Barbour, J.:" The End of Time," Phoenix, London, 2001, p. 143

3.   Tolle, E.:" The Power of Now," New World Library, Novato, California, 1999

IT’S NOW OR NEVER

Does Matter pass through Time?

The world is not what it seems to be. An object which we see as a stable entity subsisting in time is a mere illusion. Nothing can survive through time, except energy. Our senses and brain cannot perceive the reality that everything around us, including ourselves, disappears instantly as one moment passes and promptly appears as the next moment arrives.

Nature is like a movie. What we see on the movie screen as something rolling continuously is the projection of images turned on at the speed of twenty-four pictures per second, with a gap of blackness between two consecutive pictures.  Since our eyes cannot catch up the appearing and disappear of these twenty-four pictures in one second, we see as though they are progressing uninterruptedly.

When Edison invented movie, he did not realize that he had copied the dusty blueprint of time hidden secretly for thousands of years. Had he realized and followed precisely the blueprint, he had to build a super-movie capable of turning on 10⁴⁴ pictures instead of twenty-four flashing by per second. However, that was not all. What would make Edison terrified was that he should also design the screen capable of appearing and disappearing together with the pictures at the pace equal to the speed of light.

So that is how nature works. Our material world is nothing but a mere projection of four-dimensional events on a three-dimensional screen. This gigantic movie screen is nothing but our precious space flashing on and off at the speed of light in between two opposing four-dimensional oceans of energy. This flashing space together with all materials within makes us perceive that time is running.

Within the Planck distance (10^-33 cm), matter barely exists. At this quantum level, the matter is between the state of existence and non-existence in the sense that its existence s reduced to a mere possibility.

The matter appears and disappears following the rule of E = mc² or dynamically E²= m²c⁴ + p²c², the interplay between its positive and negative components, which is completely reversible. Energy manifest itself as vibration, expressed by E = hv. We can describe the whole process diagrammatically ^a) as shown in Figure-1.

It is the underlying reality of the wave and particle duality, the deep secret of the quantum mechanics that perplexes physicists for more than a hundred year now.

Technically, we called the state between existence and non-existence possible (Figure-2). Now we know why in quantum reality nature behaves probabilistically and non-continuously.

Our misconception on the deterministic and continuous features of nature as has been presumed in the classical and relativity theories was due to our inability to perceive this underlying quantum reality.

Note:

a)      In reality, energy does not flow in time. It is the constant creation and annihilation of matter (and space) to and fro energy which gives us the impression that time is passing by.

Does Matter pass through Time?