The Nature of Reality Revealed

One of the historical misfortunes that put the physics down in trouble was Minkowski's "sudden" death, one year after his important spacetime discovery. He did not have a chance to go after and fixed whichever idea diverged from his own or elaborate his idea that he might not yet express adequately ^a).

The crucial issue that Minkowski did not have a chance to touch was the nature difference of the space and time albeit their complete union. Einstein took charge on it but with an indecisive elucidation¹: "The non-divisibility of the four-dimensional continuum of events does not at all, however, involve the equivalence of the space coordinates with the time coordinate. On the contrary, we must remember that the time coordinate is defined physically wholly differently from the space coordinates".

Einstein certainly knew that any indivisible continuum [no matter how many numbers of its dimensions] should be completely symmetric, homogeneous and isotropic, in the sense that all of its dimensions are equivalent. However, he did not know why in the real world we experience with such different kinds of dimensions such as spatial and temporal. He had no better answer than taking for granted their difference as intrinsic. However, the cost we have to pay for it is too high.

At those days physicists knew nothing about the concept of symmetry breaking that would be developed later on in the quantum theory. The relativity theory has missed this kind of phenomenon which marked the beginning of the world we know today, a mechanism that broke the spacetime dimensions into spatial and temporal.

Ocean of Action, the Aeon

The discovery of quantum, if it were interpreted correctly would make the progress of physics much faster than it is now. Planck was unaware that he had revealed the fundamental nature of reality i.e., the union of energy and time (Et), the 4-dimensional quantum of action.

The spacetime, the union of space and time, that Minkowski had discovered, on the other hand, was merely a geometrical structure of 4-dimensional ocean of quanta. This ocean of temporal energy resembles eon_, a timeless undifferentiated epoch, the name which we propose to adopt ^b). As the current "broken" unit used for quantum does not reflect the inextricability of energy and time, we may use a more natural unit "eon," so that one eon = 6.63 10^-34 joule-second.

Nobody points to Planck discovery as the unification of time and energy as what Minkowski did on space and time. Energy and time are inherently inextricable just as space and time to be. Similarly, the dimensions of the spacetime in its undivided state are in a complete union; all are inherently equivalent, i.e. temporal.

A Series of Symmetry Breakings, the Aeon Split

One of the oft-abused expressions that physicists use is word creation. In the relativistic world there is no creation but separation ^c). Nature tends to break down unity into duality, and duality into plurality ^d). It is the underlying principle of what physicists call spontaneous symmetry breaking.

The beginning that marks any symmetry breaking is relative as such event happens successively in series. The beginning in physics always points to a relative one, even if it is about the beginning of the universe.  The absolute beginning is far away remote in time veiled by layers of worlds of various dimensions came into being in a series through symmetry breakings happened successively.

The symmetry breaking works on the premise that everything exists in pair, either in actuality or potentiality. The case also applies to the eon. Without its opposite partner, the eon will remain sterile. As such, there will be no reaction or interaction and no world "creation."

The eon is primordial, can neither be created nor destroyed.  All changes are just the manifestation of its transformations.  In its primordial state, the eon was extremely unstable as its opposite parts tended to segregate.  As it split apart a boundary (3-dimensional interface) appeared in between the embedding parts, which was much more tenser than the surrounding due to its [interfacial] tension ^e).

Due to its “rigidity” the dimensions along the interface ^f) are no longer equivalent with those of the surrounding. We perceive the former dimensions as spatial and the latter temporal, its original nature, and the interface as the space in which we live.

The Geometry and Reality of Space

The geometrical elements such as point, line, and plane are defined conceptually as having zero, one and two dimensions, respectively. These configurations are only in imagination and utterly different from those in the real world. However, physicists take those geometrical elements for granted for their world model both microscopically and macroscopically.

In real [3-dimensional] world what we call point is, in reality, a 3-dimensional small grainy object, a line is 3-dimensional small cross-section thread-like and plane is 3-dimensional thin surface-like. No wonder, as those elements in the model miss some "thicknesses," physicists are confronted with problems such as singularity or infinity in searching for solutions.

In dealing with the quantum realm where any things are small, one cannot neglect any thickness whatever small it is. The minimum thickness that nature allows is 10^-33cm or equivalent to 10^-44 second, below which everything would just disappear into thin air.  Such case also valid for the interface discussed so far in the sense that its thickness cannot be zero. Its small thickness reflects its brief lifetime, the universal now. The space as a whole and the universal now are two different aspects of the same thing.

At such interface exists only in a short time, the action (Et) is reduced to become [3-dimensional] energy E (Figure-1). It is the underlying quantization procedure in which a crazy looking differentiation to time replaces energy: E = iℏ  ∂/(∂ t).

On top of the interface's thickness other feature that most people overlook is its two-sided surface. As the interface is embedded in the opposite eons, one side that faces the positive eon has positive energy; the other side has negative energy. These opposing energies are the implicit solution of the relativistic energy equation E² = m²c⁴ + p²c². The Cashimir effect experiment demonstrates the existence of negative energy.

As Einstein equation E = mc² indicates, the side having positive energy will become the locus of matter while the opposite side the locus of antimatter. The transformation of energy into matter and vice versa takes place at the pace equal to the speed of light as implicitly indicated by Einstein equation. It is the reason why no matter can move faster than the pace of its perpetual creation.

Grand Cosmos, the Ensemble of Multidimensional Aeons

As mentioned previously there are many worlds of various dimensions as a result of symmetry breaking happened successively. Some recent theories, among other the string theory, support the existence of such multiple worlds indirectly, hence, the existence of eons of various dimensions.

The ensemble of those worlds, the grand cosmos, can be described in term of their respective positive and negative (frequency) eons. At the lowest level, we have 3-dimensional energy (E), at higher levels we have consecutively 4- aeon, Et₁, where t₁ is its corresponding time, 5- aeon (Et₁)t₂, 6- aeon (Et₁t₂)t₃ and so on and ultimately n- aeon (Et₁t₂t₃ …. t_n-1)t_n,  where t₂, t₃…t_n are their corresponding time, respectively.

The ensemble of positive (frequency) aeons:

       F⁺ = Et₁ + Et₁t₂ + Et₁t₂t₃ + ….. Et₁t₂t₃ ... t_n

As those multiverses have their own speed of [multidimensional] light c₁, c₂, c₃ …. c_n, then we may express t_1 = i µ₁ c₁t₁, t₂ = j µ₂ c₁t₁, t₃ = k, … µ₃ c₁t₁… t_n = w µ_nc₁t_1,

where µ_p = c_p / c₁ , the relative speed of the higher-dimensional light, in which

p = 1,2…….n, and  i,j,k…..w are imaginary numbers.

For the sake of simplicity we just write c₁ as c and t₁ as t:

F⁺ = iµ₁cEt + ij (µ₁µ₂) cEt² + ijk (µ₁µ₂µ₃) cEt³ + ….. ijk..w (µ₁µ₂µ ₃ … µ_n) cEtⁿ

F⁺ = a₁ Et + a₂ Et² + a₃ Et³ + ….. a_n Etⁿ

       where

a_{1 =} iµ₁c_, a₂ = ij (µ₁µ₂) c_, a₃ = ijk (µ₁µ₂µ₃) c_, a_n = ijk..w (µ₁µ₂µ ₃ … µ_n) c

Similarly the ensemble of negative (frequency) aeons:

F^- = a _-1 Et^-1 + a _-2Et^-2 + a _-3Et^-3 + ….. a_-n Et^-n

The totality of aeons within the grand cosmos ^g):

       F = F⁺ + E+ F⁺

which is nothing but the formulation of Laurent series.

This representation provides us with a deeper insight into nature.  We may recall that these Laurent series can be holomorphically mapped as Riemann sphere with its respective annulus of convergence (Figure-2). F is expressed as a sum of the positive frequency part (F⁺) which extends holomorphically into the southern hemisphere together with the negative frequency part (F^-) extending holomorphically into the northern hemisphere. The energy (E) as the constant term of F is located at the equator of the Riemann sphere.

This Riemann sphere represents reality faithfully. Its annulus of convergence indicates that nature abhors the singularity and infinity. The Big Bang and the black hole theories which heavily rely on the possible existence of such singularity may be unphysical. Likewise, the universe is forbidden to expand forever to infinity.  In the future, as the world becomes extremely unstable, it would be broken apart … the doomsday.

Notes:

a.    Minkowski concluded²:” We should then have in the world no longer space, but an infinite number of spaces, analogously as there are in three-dimensional space an infinite number of planes. Three-dimensional geometry becomes a chapter in four-dimensional physics…” Physicists seemed at lost as he did not elaborate explicitly whether those spaces may exist simultaneously or potentially. They refute the existence of even a single [universal] space.

To avoid further confusion, I wish to make it clear that all those spaces exist in successive order, in the sense that the individual space appears and disappears one after another successively [at the pace equal to the speed of light]. It is the underlying mechanism of what we perceive as the succession of time.

Now, from a time perspective, we see all things upside down. We say that we have a different space for each moment in time. Penrose defined this "alarming" situation as Galilean spacetime³: “space seems to be of something that evaporates completely as one moment passes, and reappears as a completely different space as the next moment arrives." Nobody knows that this is precisely the reason why the [quantum] world looks so bizarre. It underlies quantum jump and quantum entanglement phenomenon. The former is a kind of inherent micro-teleportation across time while the latter is the mechanism required to avoid chaotic teleportation from one fading space to the next arising space as a whole.

b.    We better use the term 'eon' instead of action to underline the tangibility of this ocean of temporal-energy continuum. What we perceive as fields are nothing but the "surface" manifestations of the 4-dimensional ocean of this immaterial substance. Nature only allows the use of this action modestly and economically.

c.    In a simple ordinary case, when one rubs the glass rod with a piece of silk, the glass rod becomes charged with positive electricity and the silk with a precisely equal negative charge. The friction does not generate but only separate the two kinds of electrification.

d.  The dynamics undergo from simplicity to complexity and from the state of higher order into disorder. The measure of such changes is the entropy of the system.

e.   From an earthly perspective, this tension is equivalent to what we know as the gravitational constant.

f.    It is more convenient to use the concept of a hypersurface, which is an extrinsic concept of the world as a system together with the surrounding rather than hyperspace which is an intrinsic view covering only the system.

The brane theory also adopts the concept of the hypersurface but in the wrong design. The dimensions along the brane should be a strictly spatial while off the brane temporal. Another hint to fix the theory is that the graviton should not allow floating off the brane; otherwise, the brane will be broken apart.

g.  This expression clearly shows that time is intrinsically multidimensional. The extra dimensions are invisible because they are temporal. We used to see the world upside down. Time dimensions are more fundamental than space dimensions. Space, no matter their dimensions, is incidental and ephemeral.

Physicists, like anybody else, used to consider that time is unique. They believe that there can be only the same time dimension prevails in the universe and anywhere beyond. Moreover, physicists hold that all spatial dimensions other than the ordinary three should be curled-up into tiny loops; hence, their invisibility. It leads us to exceedingly complex formulations with its many possible solutions.

References:

1.  Einstein, A.:" The Meaning of Relativity," Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1954, p. 31.

2.  Einstein, A. et al.:” The Principle of Relativity,” Dover Publication, Inc., New York, 1952, p. 79-80.

3.    Penrose, R.:" The Road to Reality,"  Vintage Books, London, 2005, p. 387.Bottom of Form

The Nature of Reality Revealed

The Spacetime Misconception and the Crisis in Physics

The mainstream physicists are still unable to recognize the true nature of space and time, albeit their recognition of the union of the two. The physicists have taken for granted the union which forms a four-dimensional continuum as such as representing the actual universe.

Physically, such a continuum should be homogeneous and isotropic in the sense that all of its dimensions are equivalent. However, physicists seem to lose their physical sense as they assume that the four-dimensional continuum has different dimensions. We can see this confusion from Einstein's statement on the inextricability of the spacetime:" the non-divisibility of the four-dimensional continuum of events does not at all, however, involve the equivalence of the space coordinates with the time coordinate. On the contrary, we must remember that the time co-ordinate is defined physically wholly differently from the space co-ordinates"¹.

The dimensions of such spacetime continuum should be equivalent and their intrinsic nature is [undivided] time-like in a sense that there is no present, past, nor future ^a). It is precisely the condition which prevails in the world model  (spacetime) that mainstream physics have adopted. The notation of [unsplit] spacetime is better to be replaced by the 'eon' which is more appropriate to describe such undivided time which is quasi-eternity (Figure-1).

Einstein himself was worried about the absence of the concept of Now in modern physics as he said to his friend philosopher Rudolf Carnap. The latter wrote²:"… Einstein explained that the experience of the Now means something special for man, something essentially different from the past and the future, but that this important difference does not and cannot occur within physics [… ], so he concluded that there is something essential about the Now which is just outside the realm of science".

It is the background why physics is now in crisis.

Creation by Separation

Physicists are forced to set up a fundamental structure consisting of light cone at every point within the spacetime for the purpose to establish order within otherwise a chaotic world model.  The physicists have to establish such odd construction to preserve the causality because they miss identifying a critical step within the chain of the creation process, i.e., the act of separation, a common phenomenon in physics,  which is often called "symmetry breaking."

At school, we have learned this separation phenomenon, for example, in the electrical process where equal amounts of positive and negative electricity form if we rub a glass rod with a piece of silk. The glass rod becomes charged with positive electricity, and we find a precisely equal negative charge on the silk. This empirical fact shows that friction does not generate but only separates the two kinds of electrification d).

We may think this positive and negative electricity as two fluids that are present in all bodies in equal quantities. In non-electrical neutral bodies, they are everywhere present to the same amount so that their outward effects are counterbalanced. In electrified bodies, they separate. One part of the positive electricity has flowed from one body to another, just as much negative has flowed in the reverse direction ³.

Analogously, the same phenomenon happened in the cosmic creation. The four-dimensional spacetime, which physicists have assumed to be intact,  has spontaneously broken its symmetry as a result of the split of related energy into its positive and negative components (Figure-2). As such the spacetime was split in two, creating a three-dimensional [hyper] interface in between the two halves, transforming the dimensions along the interface into spatial ones.

It is just like the separation of oil and water where we can observe an interface taking place between the two.

Geometrically, we can imagine that the nature of dimensions along the interface is different from those within the bulk of oil and water because of the tension that arises at the interface.

Analogous to this three-dimensional oil-water system, we may posit that the nature of the gravity constant in our four-dimensional world is nothing but the interfacial tension of the 3-[hyper]interface.

Transversality of Light and Hypersurface

The concept of hyper-interface or more generally the hypersurface can be borne out based on the phenomenon of transverse waves. The weird phenomenon that hardly anybody thinks about is the transversality of light waves in which particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave.  The transverse waves are taking place either on a surface of a liquid (water wave) or as the vibration of a stretch string, and not in the interior of a substance (body). However, as light waves propagate in the [interior of] space, there should be an explanation of this paradox.

Numerous experiments have proved the transversality of light waves. It should lead us to the conclusion that the medium wherein the light propagates should be surface-like. How come that it could be? We live in the interior of a body, not on the surface of something.

The answer lies in the concept of hypersurface that the mathematicians have introduced as a point of departure in the generalization of the concept of space, long before physicists surmise the multi-dimensionality of the spacetime. We may conceptualize the space as a 3-manifold  as a 3-hypersurface embedded in a 4-enveloping space. We can easily extend this concept to any higher multidimensional space (Figure-3).

Now, we have a proper place for light as a transverse wave to propagate on the hypersurface. It is a three-dimensional [hyper] surface in which photons vibrate at right angles (along with the time dimension) to the direction of propagation of the wave across the hypersurface. From this relativity point of view, we see the space as a 3-hypersurface vibrating to and fro in the time direction.

As the propagation of light waves indicates, we are dealing in this case not with waves in the interior of a substance but with phenomena on a surface (hypersurface or hyper-interface) or motions of whole configurations (like a vibration of strings). We have already a string theory which seems going nowhere and now tends to converge into a "brane" theory. We wish to suggest to shift the theory into a more proper hyper-interface theory.

It is in this context that we should develop the current brane theory.  The brane is more like a hyper-interface rather than like a piece of paper floating in the air or in the bulk of something that conceptualized in the current brane theory. Besides, the gravity force should act only along the surface of the brane and not out of it crossing through the higher-dimensional bulk. 

Notes:

a.   The ancient creation myths referred to such condition as chaos.

References:

1. Einstein, Albert: The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, Fifth Edition, 1954.

2.   Barbour, Julian: The End of Time, Phoenix, London, 2001.

3.   Born, M: "Einstein's Theory of Relativity," Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1962.

The Spacetime Misconception and the Crisis in Physics

Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking

The asymmetry and its associated diversity that we observe today was the result of symmetry breakings which occurred in the early stage of the cosmos. In the beginning, ^a), the conditions were very different from those prevailing today, they were symmetric. The spatial dimensions as we know today did not yet exist; all dimensions were inherently temporal. However, as those temporal dimensions were yet undivided, there was no past, present ^b) and future.

At those conditions, the energy ^c) was unstable and tended to break into its positive and negative components. When it happened, the associated 4-spacetime (cosmos) ^d) was split into two parts creating an interface (3-hypersurface) in between the two. The dimensions across the interface transformed into spatial; leaving the dimensions outside it remained intact ^e).  Space, therefore, was born.

The two opposing energies ^f) perpetually generated sort of 4-lights (quantum fields) piercing through the interface (space) inducing secondary 3-(classical) fields which permeated and propagated across the interface (Figure-1A). As the quantum fields hit the interface, the strongest of them (Higgs fields) generated bright sparks which immediately disappeared as the opposite fields annihilated them (Figure-1B).

The fundamental particles as we know are in reality nothing but these quantum-sparks which perpetually appear and disappear at the interface. As those quantum fields hit the entire surface of the interface and penetrate it only a short distance (across through the thickness of the space), they seem to us (who live in such interface/3-space) as eternal, omnipresent and invisible objects that can create and annihilate quantum particles.

Minkowski ^{1, g)} brilliantly fused the space and time into its undifferentiated state and brought back the spacetime into its original condition. However, then, something wrong happened. Instead of bringing the spacetime back into its symmetrical condition, Einstein²assumed that such unification did not make the temporal and spatial dimensions equivalent. Einstein failed to recognize that the asymmetry as we see today was the result of the spacetime symmetry breaking. This blunder has hampered the progress of physics for more than one hundred years now.

On the discovery of the four-dimensional spacetime, Einstein³ commented: “The non-mathematician is seized by a mysterious shuddering when he hears of four-dimensional things, by a feeling not unlike that awakened by thoughts of the occult.” No wonder, even after one hundred years of experience dealing with such spacetime, physicists are still bewildered and fail to recognize that their chaotic spacetime model does not represent the post symmetry breaking we observe today.

Supersymmetry Breaking and Multidimensional Worlds

The symmetry breaking of the 4-spacetime as we previously described was only one of the long series of successive symmetry breakings. It was the last of the long chain of a successive splitting of a higher-dimensional spacetime into its lower-dimensional parts.

To make it clear, let us take the ambient 10-spacetime as a start. As this 10-spacetime broke its supersymmetry, a 9-hypersurface came into being along with its associated temporal dimension, t₇.  The latter, in turn, was split creating a smaller 8-hypersurface and its associated time, t₆ and so forth. This series of splits continued resulting in successive creations of the spacetimes in descending order of their dimensions and ended when the 3-space came into being along with its associated time t₁. A total of seven worlds ^h) have successively come into being with their own time, t_i, light and its respective speed, c_i, Planck constant, h_i, and “gravitational” constant, G_i.

We can depict those seven worlds in term of their relative dimensionality (Figure-2.) or pictorially described as concentric spheres whose dimensions are larger outwards, in which the innermost layer is the 3-space with all of its solar system, stars, galaxies and super-galaxies (Figure-3A).

It is worthy to note that this picture may clarify the exact physical meaning of the ancient cosmology. For hundreds of years, people had wrongly considered this configuration as the geocentric cosmology in which the earth was at the center of the universe (Figure-3B). Even now, modern physicists fail to properly grasp the multidimensionality of the seven heavens described in the ancient cosmology ⁴.

Notes:

a.    It is the relative beginning, not the beginning of time.

b. The notation of spacetime given for the cosmos at its original state is misleading as it gives the impression as it was asymmetrical from the beginning. It would be more appropriate if we use the notation world, cosmos or more technically [metric] manifold.

c.  Energy in its entirety (4-energy); to avoid misunderstanding it would be more appropriate if we use the ancient notation: eon or simply eon.  The energy as we know is merely its superficial property (3-energy).

d.  There was no space, as space and the present time are different aspects of the same thing.

e.  This symmetry breaking is analogous to the phenomenon which occurs in the separation of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. In the body of the liquids, the cohesive forces are symmetric exerting equally in all directions. At the interface, however, such symmetry is broken because of unbalanced force exerting at the interface. As the system is in equilibrium,  the potential energy known as interfacial tension counter the net unbalance force. In terms of coordinate geometry, we may say that the interfacial tension differentiates the dimensions across the interface ("superficial" dimensions) from those of the original.

f.   The relativistic energy is composed of two opposite components as expressed in E² = m²c⁴ + p²c²

g.  Minkowski died one year only after the discovery, leaving confusion on his discovered object (spacetime)’s structure.

h.   The ancients called such worlds seven heavens.

References:

1.  Einstein, A. et al.: " The Principle of Relativity," Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1952, p. 75.

2.    Einstein, A.: " The Meaning of Relativity," Princeton University Press, Fifth Edition, New Jersey, 1954, p. 31

3.  Einstein, A.: "Relativity," Crown Publishers Inc., Fifteenth Edition, New York, 1952, p.55

4.  Hawking, S.: "A Brief History of Time," Bantam Books, London, 1989, p. 3.

Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking