Superstring Theory and the Seven Heavens

The superstring theory indicates for the first time the existence of multidimensional universes. It is supposed to be able to provide a comprehensive explanation of all known physical phenomena and answers the questions that the Big Bang theory cannot do: What happened before the creation (Big Bang)? Why did the universe explode?

 According to the superstring theory the universe initially existed in ten dimensions. However, because the ten-dimensional universe was unstable ^a), it creaked into two pieces, i.e. a four- and a six-dimensional universe ¹. The ordinary four dimensions well extended while the other six extra dimensions shrunk and curled to an incredibly small size (10^-33 cm), the reason why humans can not reach it.

Most physicists have deeply penetrated the mathematical aspect of the theory, but when come to translate it into physical reality it happened that they did it very lightly and carelessly. How come that a ten-dimensional body can be split in two to get a four- and a six-dimensional body? Surprisingly, nobody challenges and fixes such a bizarre idea. The perturbation theory, or whatever theory it is, would certainly fail to break a ten-dimensional body down to a four- and a six-dimensional body.

Let take an example of a three-dimensional body, say a cube of cheese. If we split it in two, indeed we did not get a thin piece of cheese and a fiber-like cheese (Figure-1A). In order to get a fiber-like form, we should make a series of slices; the first slices produce thin pieces of cheese, and the subsequent slices produce fibers of cheese (Figure-1B).

Now, how do we get a four-dimensional universe from the original ten-dimensional one? As the string theory postulated, the original ten-dimensional universe was so unstable that it broke in two parts. However, instead of creating one four- and one six-dimensional universe, a nine-dimensional universe was created in between the two separated parts of the original universe ^b). A series of subsequent splits took place successively in a similar way from higher down to the lower-dimensional universe.

In the end, we have a total of seven universes ^c), the one embedding the other in a successive lowering order of their dimensions.  As such, there is a ten-dimensional universe at the outermost embedding nine-dimensional one, the later embedding eight-dimensional one and so forth. At the end of the series we get the four-dimensional universe embedding a rotating ephemeral three-dimensional space, where we live in, perpetually appearing and disappearing across it (Figure-2) ^d).

Each universe contains the qualities and interactions of the one above, so that each descending level of the universe is in turn under more laws, more complex, and having much more varieties of kinds of stuff. It is the underlying purpose of the grand unification which hardly any physicist is aware. Regressing such cosmic creation process to the original condition of the ten-dimensional universe would give us a much simple physical law with fewer quantum kinds of stuff in it ^e).

Why, then, we cannot directly experience these extra higher-dimensional worlds? Just because the extra dimensions are temporal, not curly spatial dimensions as what the superstring theory hypothesizes. Each universe has its owned light ^f) with its corresponding speed (c_i), Planck constant (h_i) and gravity constant (G_i), depending on the degree of its dimensions.

The brane theory, as the extension of the superstring theory, should be adjusted accordingly. We better regard a brane as an interface lies between two [liquid-like] bodies, instead of a piece of paper floating in thin air. The brane’s dimensions which extend along its surface are spatial and off of it temporal.

The gravity fields propagate along the surface of the brane and not in the direction off of it as the brane theorists hypothesize ². We should, therefore, regard parallel branes as two sides of the same brane; otherwise, they coexist in different time which is absurd.

Notes:

a)    The superstring theory cannot elaborate on the reason why such a universe is inherently unstable. The bold answer to that is that the energy intrinsically consists of the opposites, the positive and negative energy. These two parts tend to segregate arousing [rotational] opposite motions within and eventually the universe creaks into two pieces.

b)  We may easily imagine this phenomenon as a separation of oil and water creating an interface in between. However, instead of three-dimensional, we have here ten-dimensional oil-water system.

c)    The ancient term of such worlds was the seven heavens

d)    The knowledge of such cosmic structure has been known since the antiquity but degraded as time evolves to become just that of the planetary orbits of our solar system. The conflicting misinterpretation of such gigantic macro-cosmic concept, which was beyond both the church and Galileo's imagination, had tragically taken Galileo's life.

e)   Peter Freund, one of the pioneers, worked in multidimensional space, even though he did not know about the geometrical structure of such worlds, accurately stated that the laws of nature become simpler and elegant when formulated in higher dimensions.

f)    In the ancient relative term: light upon lights.

References:

1. Kaku, M.:" Hyperspace," Anchor Books, Doubleday, New York, 1994, p. 195, 207.

2. Randall, L.:" Warped Passage," Harp

Superstring Theory and the Seven Heavens

Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking

The asymmetry and its associated diversity that we observe today was the result of symmetry breakings which occurred in the early stage of the cosmos. In the beginning, ^a), the conditions were very different from those prevailing today, they were symmetric. The spatial dimensions as we know today did not yet exist; all dimensions were inherently temporal. However, as those temporal dimensions were yet undivided, there was no past, present ^b) and future.

At those conditions, the energy ^c) was unstable and tended to break into its positive and negative components. When it happened, the associated 4-spacetime (cosmos) ^d) was split into two parts creating an interface (3-hypersurface) in between the two. The dimensions across the interface transformed into spatial; leaving the dimensions outside it remained intact ^e).  Space, therefore, was born.

The two opposing energies ^f) perpetually generated sort of 4-lights (quantum fields) piercing through the interface (space) inducing secondary 3-(classical) fields which permeated and propagated across the interface (Figure-1A). As the quantum fields hit the interface, the strongest of them (Higgs fields) generated bright sparks which immediately disappeared as the opposite fields annihilated them (Figure-1B).

The fundamental particles as we know are in reality nothing but these quantum-sparks which perpetually appear and disappear at the interface. As those quantum fields hit the entire surface of the interface and penetrate it only a short distance (across through the thickness of the space), they seem to us (who live in such interface/3-space) as eternal, omnipresent and invisible objects that can create and annihilate quantum particles.

Minkowski ^{1, g)} brilliantly fused the space and time into its undifferentiated state and brought back the spacetime into its original condition. However, then, something wrong happened. Instead of bringing the spacetime back into its symmetrical condition, Einstein²assumed that such unification did not make the temporal and spatial dimensions equivalent. Einstein failed to recognize that the asymmetry as we see today was the result of the spacetime symmetry breaking. This blunder has hampered the progress of physics for more than one hundred years now.

On the discovery of the four-dimensional spacetime, Einstein³ commented: “The non-mathematician is seized by a mysterious shuddering when he hears of four-dimensional things, by a feeling not unlike that awakened by thoughts of the occult.” No wonder, even after one hundred years of experience dealing with such spacetime, physicists are still bewildered and fail to recognize that their chaotic spacetime model does not represent the post symmetry breaking we observe today.

Supersymmetry Breaking and Multidimensional Worlds

The symmetry breaking of the 4-spacetime as we previously described was only one of the long series of successive symmetry breakings. It was the last of the long chain of a successive splitting of a higher-dimensional spacetime into its lower-dimensional parts.

To make it clear, let us take the ambient 10-spacetime as a start. As this 10-spacetime broke its supersymmetry, a 9-hypersurface came into being along with its associated temporal dimension, t₇.  The latter, in turn, was split creating a smaller 8-hypersurface and its associated time, t₆ and so forth. This series of splits continued resulting in successive creations of the spacetimes in descending order of their dimensions and ended when the 3-space came into being along with its associated time t₁. A total of seven worlds ^h) have successively come into being with their own time, t_i, light and its respective speed, c_i, Planck constant, h_i, and “gravitational” constant, G_i.

We can depict those seven worlds in term of their relative dimensionality (Figure-2.) or pictorially described as concentric spheres whose dimensions are larger outwards, in which the innermost layer is the 3-space with all of its solar system, stars, galaxies and super-galaxies (Figure-3A).

It is worthy to note that this picture may clarify the exact physical meaning of the ancient cosmology. For hundreds of years, people had wrongly considered this configuration as the geocentric cosmology in which the earth was at the center of the universe (Figure-3B). Even now, modern physicists fail to properly grasp the multidimensionality of the seven heavens described in the ancient cosmology ⁴.

Notes:

a.    It is the relative beginning, not the beginning of time.

b. The notation of spacetime given for the cosmos at its original state is misleading as it gives the impression as it was asymmetrical from the beginning. It would be more appropriate if we use the notation world, cosmos or more technically [metric] manifold.

c.  Energy in its entirety (4-energy); to avoid misunderstanding it would be more appropriate if we use the ancient notation: eon or simply eon.  The energy as we know is merely its superficial property (3-energy).

d.  There was no space, as space and the present time are different aspects of the same thing.

e.  This symmetry breaking is analogous to the phenomenon which occurs in the separation of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. In the body of the liquids, the cohesive forces are symmetric exerting equally in all directions. At the interface, however, such symmetry is broken because of unbalanced force exerting at the interface. As the system is in equilibrium,  the potential energy known as interfacial tension counter the net unbalance force. In terms of coordinate geometry, we may say that the interfacial tension differentiates the dimensions across the interface ("superficial" dimensions) from those of the original.

f.   The relativistic energy is composed of two opposite components as expressed in E² = m²c⁴ + p²c²

g.  Minkowski died one year only after the discovery, leaving confusion on his discovered object (spacetime)’s structure.

h.   The ancients called such worlds seven heavens.

References:

1.  Einstein, A. et al.: " The Principle of Relativity," Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1952, p. 75.

2.    Einstein, A.: " The Meaning of Relativity," Princeton University Press, Fifth Edition, New Jersey, 1954, p. 31

3.  Einstein, A.: "Relativity," Crown Publishers Inc., Fifteenth Edition, New York, 1952, p.55

4.  Hawking, S.: "A Brief History of Time," Bantam Books, London, 1989, p. 3.

Symmetry and Symmetry Breaking