Space Thickness

The relativity theory covers the macroscopic aspect of the world conceptualized as a flat or curved hypersurface.  However, hardly anybody is aware that we may incorporate the quantum phenomena into the theory by merely taking into account the hypersurface's thickness, its microscopic scale. We call such a unified theory the Grand Relativity Theory (GrRT).

Any physical object should have a thickness ^a) regardless of its dimensions; otherwise, it would disappear into thin air. Our physical space is no exception. The effect of space thickness, yielding a higher degree of freedom for particles to maneuver, intensifies as we probe to smaller distances approaching the thickness' magnitude (Figure-1).  

This scenery is spectacularly demonstrated by the string theory which, albeit of its imperfectness, can [mathematically] discover the ten-dimensionality of the ambient space. Whether the string theorists can properly portray such higher-dimensional space or not is a different story.

GrRT posits, on the contrary to the classical theory's premise, that the 4-dimensional spacetime doesn't at all represent the real but the primitive world. Inherently, the spacetime is symmetric, static and eternal. As such, all of its dimensions are entirely equivalent.

It is only when the spacetime splits in two ^b) that the dimensions are differentiating themselves into spatial and temporal. Following this spontaneously symmetry breaking, a thin 3-dimensional interface (hypersurface) ^c) is taking place in between the two halves of the split spacetime.

Now, the interfacial tension that holds the interface intact makes the dimensions extending along the hypersurface tenser and more "tangible" than that normal to it. We call the above dimensions spatial while the latter we call temporal. The hyper-interfacial tension which is responsible for this differentiation we recognize as the Gravity Constant.

The fourth [temporal] dimension extending normal to the hypersurface manifests the dynamical aspect of the world. The space thickness measured along this dimension is extremely thin, around 10 ^-33 cm or equivalent to 10 ^-44 second, the minimum thickness that nature allows, below which space and time have no meaning.

Because of its small thickness, the hypersurface is inherently unstable. Such a space barely exists, perpetually appears and disappears which makes the world extremely dynamic.

The size of the space thickness which determines the duration of space's presence we call now. Space and the now are the different aspects of the same thing. We perceive the sequence of space's appearance, presence, and disappearance as the successive transformations of the future into now and the past.

Matters exclusively present at now. They exist only along the thin hypersurface (space), not outside of it, which is nothing but pure energy ^d). The parts of the spacetime on either side of this thin space, we call the future and the past (Figure-2).

The extension of this concept for higher dimensional spacetime is straightforward, except that there come about successive spontaneous symmetry breakings. A hypersurface of one dimension lower than its embedding space, together with its corresponding temporal dimension, is created every time the split occurs.

Within the ten-dimensional ambient spacetime which the string theory reveals, a total of seven successive splits have taken place before our dynamical world comes to the existence. We thus have seven worlds embedded one within another, each with its corresponding temporal dimension.

Multidimensional time is still an alien concept for physicists. Physicists thought that the only vast and extended world existing in nature is that of four-dimensional. They believe that time is unique, the only dimension of its kind. The extra-dimensions, if they exist, should be spatial and curled up into extremely tiny loops.

This premise makes the task of string theorists extremely untenable as there are around 10⁵⁰⁰ possible ways on how the extra-dimensions may curl up. Nobody is crazy enough for not using the Occam’s razor to get rid of such problem and for good.

Notes:

a.   A physical object may have some thicknesses depending on the ambient space dimensions we take into account. Within our 3-dimensional ambient space, a 2-dimensional plane has one thickness, while the 1-dimensional thread has two thicknesses.

b.     The energy which is inherently composed of the opposing components tends to break up into its component, i.e. the positive and negative energies.  When this happens, the spacetime which is nothing but the geometrical manifestation of the [vacuum] energy, splits into two halves creating a hypersurface in between the two.

c.    We use the notation of space, hypersurface, and interface interchangeably. The hypersurface is a straightforward generalization of the concept from the geometry of surfaces embedded in the three-dimensional Euclidean manifolds.

d.    The mainstream physicists portray the 4-dimensional spacetime, dubbed the world, as being filled with matters throughout the full extensions. There are no [microscopic] universal now, matters existing in the past, now and future "have" an equal reality, as such that time travel becomes possible leading to paradoxes and chaos.

Space Thickness

Superstring Theory and the Seven Heavens

The superstring theory indicates for the first time the existence of multidimensional universes. It is supposed to be able to provide a comprehensive explanation of all known physical phenomena and answers the questions that the Big Bang theory cannot do: What happened before the creation (Big Bang)? Why did the universe explode?

 According to the superstring theory the universe initially existed in ten dimensions. However, because the ten-dimensional universe was unstable ^a), it creaked into two pieces, i.e. a four- and a six-dimensional universe ¹. The ordinary four dimensions well extended while the other six extra dimensions shrunk and curled to an incredibly small size (10^-33 cm), the reason why humans can not reach it.

Most physicists have deeply penetrated the mathematical aspect of the theory, but when come to translate it into physical reality it happened that they did it very lightly and carelessly. How come that a ten-dimensional body can be split in two to get a four- and a six-dimensional body? Surprisingly, nobody challenges and fixes such a bizarre idea. The perturbation theory, or whatever theory it is, would certainly fail to break a ten-dimensional body down to a four- and a six-dimensional body.

Let take an example of a three-dimensional body, say a cube of cheese. If we split it in two, indeed we did not get a thin piece of cheese and a fiber-like cheese (Figure-1A). In order to get a fiber-like form, we should make a series of slices; the first slices produce thin pieces of cheese, and the subsequent slices produce fibers of cheese (Figure-1B).

Now, how do we get a four-dimensional universe from the original ten-dimensional one? As the string theory postulated, the original ten-dimensional universe was so unstable that it broke in two parts. However, instead of creating one four- and one six-dimensional universe, a nine-dimensional universe was created in between the two separated parts of the original universe ^b). A series of subsequent splits took place successively in a similar way from higher down to the lower-dimensional universe.

In the end, we have a total of seven universes ^c), the one embedding the other in a successive lowering order of their dimensions.  As such, there is a ten-dimensional universe at the outermost embedding nine-dimensional one, the later embedding eight-dimensional one and so forth. At the end of the series we get the four-dimensional universe embedding a rotating ephemeral three-dimensional space, where we live in, perpetually appearing and disappearing across it (Figure-2) ^d).

Each universe contains the qualities and interactions of the one above, so that each descending level of the universe is in turn under more laws, more complex, and having much more varieties of kinds of stuff. It is the underlying purpose of the grand unification which hardly any physicist is aware. Regressing such cosmic creation process to the original condition of the ten-dimensional universe would give us a much simple physical law with fewer quantum kinds of stuff in it ^e).

Why, then, we cannot directly experience these extra higher-dimensional worlds? Just because the extra dimensions are temporal, not curly spatial dimensions as what the superstring theory hypothesizes. Each universe has its owned light ^f) with its corresponding speed (c_i), Planck constant (h_i) and gravity constant (G_i), depending on the degree of its dimensions.

The brane theory, as the extension of the superstring theory, should be adjusted accordingly. We better regard a brane as an interface lies between two [liquid-like] bodies, instead of a piece of paper floating in thin air. The brane’s dimensions which extend along its surface are spatial and off of it temporal.

The gravity fields propagate along the surface of the brane and not in the direction off of it as the brane theorists hypothesize ². We should, therefore, regard parallel branes as two sides of the same brane; otherwise, they coexist in different time which is absurd.

Notes:

a)    The superstring theory cannot elaborate on the reason why such a universe is inherently unstable. The bold answer to that is that the energy intrinsically consists of the opposites, the positive and negative energy. These two parts tend to segregate arousing [rotational] opposite motions within and eventually the universe creaks into two pieces.

b)  We may easily imagine this phenomenon as a separation of oil and water creating an interface in between. However, instead of three-dimensional, we have here ten-dimensional oil-water system.

c)    The ancient term of such worlds was the seven heavens

d)    The knowledge of such cosmic structure has been known since the antiquity but degraded as time evolves to become just that of the planetary orbits of our solar system. The conflicting misinterpretation of such gigantic macro-cosmic concept, which was beyond both the church and Galileo's imagination, had tragically taken Galileo's life.

e)   Peter Freund, one of the pioneers, worked in multidimensional space, even though he did not know about the geometrical structure of such worlds, accurately stated that the laws of nature become simpler and elegant when formulated in higher dimensions.

f)    In the ancient relative term: light upon lights.

References:

1. Kaku, M.:" Hyperspace," Anchor Books, Doubleday, New York, 1994, p. 195, 207.

2. Randall, L.:" Warped Passage," Harp

Superstring Theory and the Seven Heavens

The Spacetime Misconception and the Crisis in Physics

The mainstream physicists are still unable to recognize the true nature of space and time, albeit their recognition of the union of the two. The physicists have taken for granted the union which forms a four-dimensional continuum as such as representing the actual universe.

Physically, such a continuum should be homogeneous and isotropic in the sense that all of its dimensions are equivalent. However, physicists seem to lose their physical sense as they assume that the four-dimensional continuum has different dimensions. We can see this confusion from Einstein's statement on the inextricability of the spacetime:" the non-divisibility of the four-dimensional continuum of events does not at all, however, involve the equivalence of the space coordinates with the time coordinate. On the contrary, we must remember that the time co-ordinate is defined physically wholly differently from the space co-ordinates"¹.

The dimensions of such spacetime continuum should be equivalent and their intrinsic nature is [undivided] time-like in a sense that there is no present, past, nor future ^a). It is precisely the condition which prevails in the world model  (spacetime) that mainstream physics have adopted. The notation of [unsplit] spacetime is better to be replaced by the 'eon' which is more appropriate to describe such undivided time which is quasi-eternity (Figure-1).

Einstein himself was worried about the absence of the concept of Now in modern physics as he said to his friend philosopher Rudolf Carnap. The latter wrote²:"… Einstein explained that the experience of the Now means something special for man, something essentially different from the past and the future, but that this important difference does not and cannot occur within physics [… ], so he concluded that there is something essential about the Now which is just outside the realm of science".

It is the background why physics is now in crisis.

Creation by Separation

Physicists are forced to set up a fundamental structure consisting of light cone at every point within the spacetime for the purpose to establish order within otherwise a chaotic world model.  The physicists have to establish such odd construction to preserve the causality because they miss identifying a critical step within the chain of the creation process, i.e., the act of separation, a common phenomenon in physics,  which is often called "symmetry breaking."

At school, we have learned this separation phenomenon, for example, in the electrical process where equal amounts of positive and negative electricity form if we rub a glass rod with a piece of silk. The glass rod becomes charged with positive electricity, and we find a precisely equal negative charge on the silk. This empirical fact shows that friction does not generate but only separates the two kinds of electrification d).

We may think this positive and negative electricity as two fluids that are present in all bodies in equal quantities. In non-electrical neutral bodies, they are everywhere present to the same amount so that their outward effects are counterbalanced. In electrified bodies, they separate. One part of the positive electricity has flowed from one body to another, just as much negative has flowed in the reverse direction ³.

Analogously, the same phenomenon happened in the cosmic creation. The four-dimensional spacetime, which physicists have assumed to be intact,  has spontaneously broken its symmetry as a result of the split of related energy into its positive and negative components (Figure-2). As such the spacetime was split in two, creating a three-dimensional [hyper] interface in between the two halves, transforming the dimensions along the interface into spatial ones.

It is just like the separation of oil and water where we can observe an interface taking place between the two.

Geometrically, we can imagine that the nature of dimensions along the interface is different from those within the bulk of oil and water because of the tension that arises at the interface.

Analogous to this three-dimensional oil-water system, we may posit that the nature of the gravity constant in our four-dimensional world is nothing but the interfacial tension of the 3-[hyper]interface.

Transversality of Light and Hypersurface

The concept of hyper-interface or more generally the hypersurface can be borne out based on the phenomenon of transverse waves. The weird phenomenon that hardly anybody thinks about is the transversality of light waves in which particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of propagation of the wave.  The transverse waves are taking place either on a surface of a liquid (water wave) or as the vibration of a stretch string, and not in the interior of a substance (body). However, as light waves propagate in the [interior of] space, there should be an explanation of this paradox.

Numerous experiments have proved the transversality of light waves. It should lead us to the conclusion that the medium wherein the light propagates should be surface-like. How come that it could be? We live in the interior of a body, not on the surface of something.

The answer lies in the concept of hypersurface that the mathematicians have introduced as a point of departure in the generalization of the concept of space, long before physicists surmise the multi-dimensionality of the spacetime. We may conceptualize the space as a 3-manifold  as a 3-hypersurface embedded in a 4-enveloping space. We can easily extend this concept to any higher multidimensional space (Figure-3).

Now, we have a proper place for light as a transverse wave to propagate on the hypersurface. It is a three-dimensional [hyper] surface in which photons vibrate at right angles (along with the time dimension) to the direction of propagation of the wave across the hypersurface. From this relativity point of view, we see the space as a 3-hypersurface vibrating to and fro in the time direction.

As the propagation of light waves indicates, we are dealing in this case not with waves in the interior of a substance but with phenomena on a surface (hypersurface or hyper-interface) or motions of whole configurations (like a vibration of strings). We have already a string theory which seems going nowhere and now tends to converge into a "brane" theory. We wish to suggest to shift the theory into a more proper hyper-interface theory.

It is in this context that we should develop the current brane theory.  The brane is more like a hyper-interface rather than like a piece of paper floating in the air or in the bulk of something that conceptualized in the current brane theory. Besides, the gravity force should act only along the surface of the brane and not out of it crossing through the higher-dimensional bulk. 

Notes:

a.   The ancient creation myths referred to such condition as chaos.

References:

1. Einstein, Albert: The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, Fifth Edition, 1954.

2.   Barbour, Julian: The End of Time, Phoenix, London, 2001.

3.   Born, M: "Einstein's Theory of Relativity," Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1962.

The Spacetime Misconception and the Crisis in Physics