Why the Grand Relativity Theory? (Part III)

One of the significant physicists' misconceptions about nature is the uniqueness of time. When physicists encounter higher-multidimensional surroundings in their theory, they instinctively assign the extra-dimensions (beyond the ordinary four) as spatial. This premise, regarding the inequality of space and time footing, is evidence against the relativity principle.

The string theory, which had its origins in experimentally observed features of the strong force, requires the existence of six compactified extra spatial dimensions (a) and the four known spacetime dimensions. This presumption leads the theory to grave difficulties as it should deal with myriad different kinds of Callabi-Yau tiny manifolds or other similar bizarre things.

On the other hand, the grand relativity theory holds that the extra dimensions are temporal; thus, circumventing such complexities. Therefore, we may regard a system such as our world consisting of a 3D-space (hypersurface) embedded in 10D-manifold in which all extra dimensions are temporal ^b). Under the grand relativity theory, we have every right to transform it into, for instance, 9D-hypersurface embedding in the same 10D-manifold, by turning some of the temporal dimensions into spatial (Figure-1). The latter is exceedingly simpler than the former in terms of mathematical formulations, and yet it gives us the same solutions.

The grand relativity theory requires any physical objects or hypersurfaces having thicknesses, the number of which depends on the number of dimensions of the embedding manifold ^d) (Figure-2). However, physicists obliged to do a similar way by incorporating such forgotten thickness into their model called supersymmetry generators ^e).

In Brane theory, physicists assign some space and time's dimensions on and along its surface while off of it spatial. They certainly make a significant confusion as to the brane, like hypersurface embedding in a higher dimensional spacetime, should have solely spatial dimensions on and along its surface and temporal dimension[s] off of it.

The hypersurface or brane is the loci of things that co-occur if not at lower temporal dimensions it would certainly so at higher temporal dimension (Figure-3). 

The hypersurface or brane is the loci of things that co-occur if not at lower temporal dimensions it would certainly so at higher temporal dimension (Figure-3). 

The hypersurface tends to flatten out as it has higher dimensions. But how high should they be? Mathematically, a spacetime may embed an n-dimensional hypersurface properly only if the former has at least ½ n(n+1) dimensions. Our 4D-world, for example, requires a sufficient ample ambient space i.e., 10D-manifold, for having a complete degree of freedoms without being constrained at whatever directions.

It turns out that some theories, such as Supergravity, require an embedding spacetime of even higher dimensions. The Supergravity demands an eleven-dimensional ^f) embedding spacetime, but still, nobody can fully renormalize the Supergravity.

Notes:

a.  Physicists are assumed to be curled up into tiny loops as nobody ever directly experiences them.

b.   It can be expressed mathematically as Octonion, a Hypercomplex consisting of one real and seven imaginary variables. The real part is the spatial variables' function, while the seven imaginary parts represent seven different temporal dimensions.

c.  No real particle smaller than the hypersurface's thickness, except virtual particles perpetually emerge and submerge across the depth. This thickness size, which becomes the minimum size of the real particle is what physicists call hierarchy problem.

d.  Analogically under 3D-ambient space, a point has three thicknesses, string two thicknesses (cross-section), and plane one thickness. Otherwise, they would be evaporating into thin air.

e. Mathematically physicists may express such a framework in terms of Superalgebra equation whose ordinary and super parts are sometimes called body and soul, respectively ¹. It is equivalent to Octonion Hypercomplex with its real and imaginary parts. Amazingly, this is a proper way to describe a subtle structure such as [higher dimensional] soul embedding a body, contrary to what most people think the soul is inside the body.

f.  It is a sort of pseudo dimension representing the tip of the 11+ "iceberg" dimensions. The ancients (among other Empedocles: 490-430 BC) described the realms consisting of earth, water, air, and fire analogous to a changing phase from ice, water, vapor, and steam.  We may interpret that earth representing energy/material stable things in 3D-space, water representing energy in 4D - 10D-spacetimes, the air in 11D - 55D-spacetimes and fire in 56D - 1540D-spacetimes, the dimension ranges of which are speculated under the ½ n(n+1) rule, if we may do so. This metaphor shows us that the energy associated with particular spacetime is hotter as the spacetime dimensions become higher. The reality beyond those dimensions is far from our wildest imagination and concern.

Why the Grand Relativity Theory? (Part III)

Why the Grand Relativity Theory? (Part II)

As the dimensions of a drop of water to its water substance, the dimensions of spacetime are the geometrical manifestation of a particular cosmic energy.  Our world, together with its multidimensional surroundings (grand cosmos), comes into existence as the natural manifestation of a broad spectrum of different cosmic energies ^a). 

How these multidimensional worlds come into being? It begins with the separation of positive and negative energy in the highest-dimensional world. This separation creates a hypersurface (space) of one lower dimension between the two opposite energies. The newly created hypersurface, in turn, splits in two, and so forth. Thus, the separation happens successively, creating many hypersurfaces (spaces) embedding one after another in descending order of their dimensions. 

The energy segregation in each world, however, doesn't happen instantaneously. The area of the hypersurface formed in between the two opposite energies broadens up gradually from a specific minimum size to what the current magnitude is (Figure-1). It is the underlying reality that makes our universe expanding ^b). 

This kind of phenomenon also explains why our world is flat ^c).  As such, we don’t require buying the concept of inflationary phase happened in the early life of the universe (at around 10^-35 to 10^-30 second after Big Bang) whose inflation rate is far exceeding the speed of light. Besides, the existence of energies at the surroundings of our universe (hypersurface) may explain the possible source of dark energy we miss so dearly.

The advantage of using hypersurface over the hyperspace is clear. With the former, we can easily describe objects such as fields propagating on its surface (classical fields) as well as those off its surface traversing through its thickness ^d) (quantum fields)^, as depicted in Figure-2. 

The interaction of the opposite energies generates those quantum fields which propagate across through the hypersurface. As the quantum fields hit the hypersurface's surface, they ignite quantum sparks ("quarks"), which we recognize as fundamental particles. These sparks (particles) together with the hypersurface (space) which they abode ^e) perpetually appear and disappear at the rate equal to the speed of light ^f). 

The two interacting opposite energies move at the different directions forcing the normal axis of the hypersurface to rotate around the grand perimeter of the spacetime at the speed of light ^g). This dynamic grand rotation creates what we perceive as time (Figure-3). 

The combination of these two phenomena makes our physical space, together with all matters it contains, disappears completely as one moment passes, and reappear as a completely different space as the next moment arrives ^h). Most physicists overlook this underlying reality, which reflects both the relativity and quantum realms.

The interactions of the opposite energies also make the hypersurface rotate around its normal axis. It rotates, in turn, all objects it contains from super-galaxies, galaxies, solar systems, planets down to atomic and subatomic realms.

Notes:

a. The ensemble of such grand cosmos can be mathematically expressed in the form of the Laurent series or depicted as the Riemann sphere.

b. As shown by Riemann's annulus of convergence, the world can evolve only from a specific minimum size. It starts to get its stable form and expands to its maximum magnitude, beyond which it becomes precarious and tears apart into pieces doomsday. As nature abhors the singularity, do we need the Big Bang cosmology and black hole postulate?

c.  It is flat but locally curved and undulates due to the gravitation effect exerted by local concentrations of energy and mass.

d.  In the order of Planck distance i.e., 10^-33 cm or equivalent 10^-44 second, below which the hypersurface would disappear into thin air. Assuming a zero thickness of such hypersurface would lead us to many annoyance problems of infinity.

e. The separation of energy never creates a stable hypersurface between the two halves. Mathematically, in quantum mechanics, the square roots of the relativistic energy formula, E² = m²c⁴ + p²c², do not give a neat separation of its positive and negative roots. It means that physically, the split of the positive and negative energy never creates a stable interface (hypersurface) between them. It is ephemeral in the sense that it appears and disappears perpetually.

f.  It is just like sparks appear and disappear on the surface of large TV or computer screen. Amazingly, the display also appears and goes together with the flashes.

g. The energies’ movement as the result of their mutual interaction also makes the hypersurface rotate around its lateral axis resulting in a hyper-helical type of rotation. In a higher-dimensional ambient space, we can depict this hypersurface movement as a 3D-front wave propagating across the 4D-surface of a grand 5D-ocean.

h.  Heraclitus (500 BC) said that the world is in flux. We can never step into the same river twice. He also stated that the world was like a gigantic flame. At any instant, the fire we see is entirely different from the flame we saw just a moment ago. Everything in the world is always changing and yet is still exclusively itself.

Why the Grand Relativity Theory? (Part II)

Why the Grand Relativity Theory?

Our universe, as a system, has multidimensional surroundings. We could imagine it as concentric worlds consisting of 3D [ephemeral] material world at the innermost embedded successively by the infinite number of surrounding [energetic] realms having higher and higher dimensions. The grand relativity theory prevails in all of those worlds except absolute (unlimited dimensional "world").

The grand relativity theory holds that the energy conservation law prevails throughout all those relative worlds. As our 3D-world contains energy, any higher world embedding ours should also contain energy. The concept of nothingness in the sense of "something" devoid of energy is a mere human imagination ^a). The biggest blunder that scientists had ever made was their speculation about something created out of nothing (creatio ex nihilo). The Big Bang is one of such misleading popular products.

What most people mean by the creation is, in fact, the split of something preexisting—an example from the empirical reality of the rubbing of a glass rod with a piece of silk. The two kinds of electrification i.e., the positive charge found on the glass rod and an equal negative charge found on the silk, are not created by friction but are only separated.

This kind of split mechanism is what happened in the grand formations of those relative multidimensional worlds. As the energy of a particular world, say nD-world, splits into its positive and negative parts ^b), an (n-1)D-hypersurface ^c) is formed between the two. This kind of splits (spontaneous symmetry breaking) happened successively from the highest dimensional world to the lowest.

At the lowest level, where the split of 4D-world creates a 3D-hypersurface (our 3D-space), at this particular place, the 4D-energy transformed into 3D-matter ^d). Without such separation, the 4D-world would still have undistinguishable dimensions. In such a world, there could be neither present, past nor the future. It is only after the split that space and time are taking place ^e).

Mainstream physicists have wrongly taken such a world (unsplit spacetime), as representing the real world. No wonder Einstein was uncomfortable as the experience of the Now was beyond the reach of the realm of science. Had he known the cause of the problem, he would reconcile his relativity theory with that of quantum.

Without split, there would be neither space nor matter ^f). Matter can only be created and presents in the 3D-hypersurface, not throughout the whole spacetime. The gravity constant (G), one of the fundamental constants in nature, is a sort of hypersurface‘s "interfacial tension." Therefore, the gravity is acting only across the hypersurface, not out of it as what the brane theory postulates.

Physicists were perplexed when the superstring theory demands the multidimensionality of spacetime. They postulated that the extra-dimensions are curly as they refuted the existence of vast and extended multidimensional worlds beyond our conventional 4D-world. They don't want to believe that such extra-dimensions could be temporal as it would lead them to an extremely complicated situation. Nature, alas, has nothing to do with what physicists presume.

The grand relativity theory, however, is coming to secure the problem. It holds that the relativity of the space and time prevails in all of those worlds. The law of physics is invariant under the transformation of space and time no matter how many dimensions a particular world possesses ^g).

Notes:

a)    The multidimensionality of those worlds is nothing but the geometrical manifestation of a spectrum of energies having a different number of dimensions. This gigantic spectrum of cosmic energies is like a spectrum of lights having different frequencies, forming a colorless white light when in a mixture.

b) The symmetry is not a mere aesthetic aspect of nature but a derivative of the conservation law.  The opposite pairing of every existence in nature is one of its logical consequences. The energy is no exception; it inherently consists of positive and negative energy as the relative energy equation E² = m²c⁴ + p²c² indicates. Surprisingly, most physicists are against such a premise.

c)     In the superstring theory, such a hypersurface is called brane, which could have many dimensions.  Biblical Genesis calls it firmament (raqia in Hebrew) embedded between water above and water below. The term of water in this biblical account, undoubtedly referred to as energy. We should notice, however, that in the real world, no surface (including higher-dimensional hypersurface) configuration has a zero thickness (mathematical surface), which most physicists use in their theory. This oversight leads physicists to many annoyance infinity problems. The minimum thickness that nature allows is 10^-33 cm, the Planck distance, below which space and time have no meaning. It is where the quantum phenomenon mingles with the relativity world.

d) Following the energy equation, E=mc². The interactions between the positive and negative energy across through the hypersurface make such transformation appears as reversible. Matters and the hypersurface they abode are created and annihilated back and forth into energy at the rate equal to the speed of light. This weird phenomenon perpetually occurs at such a short time, and distance makes people perplex when they stumble upon the quantum realm.

e)   Space is the [4D]-time smallest unit, just like a point as the smallest part of a line or a surface as a small part of the space.

f)     There was yet no space where matter could exist, and no time where the dynamic action might occur. It was only after the split of such a chaotic world that the order established. Such as the basic principle of most of the ancient creation of mythology around the globe.

g)   For example, a system consisting of 3D-space embedded in 10D-world has the same physical law as that of 9D-space embedded in the same 10D-world. The latter world model represents better than the former as it is more uncomplicated and more comfortable to be resolved.

Why the Grand Relativity Theory?

The Brain and Universe as Hologram

Despite its enormous size and apparent materiality, the universe does not exist of itself. Indeed, hardly anybody is aware that the universe and everything within including ourselves ^a), is perpetually created and annihilated to and fro energy at the rate equal to the speed of light. The formation and dissipation of this wave-like material world across the surface of the vast ocean of energy create what we perceive as the passage of time.

In Bohm’s notion this dynamic phenomenon is called the unfoldment of the implicate order and enfoldment of the explicate order, like what implies in the hologram ^b). According to Bohm, the universe is like a kind of colossal dynamic hologram or holo-movement.

Our world and everything within is only shadows, mere projections from reality beyond our ordinary space and time. However, if it was so, how come that we perceive the world around us continuous and persisting over time? The simple answer is that nobody can see the discontinuity of time which interval is in the order of 10^-44second.

However, the argument does not stop there. The amazing thing is that nature seems to conform to the working of the human brain to that of the universe. Karl Pribram, a neurophysiologist at Stanford University, discovered the brain works under the hologram mechanism. He found that memories were not localized at specific brain side but were somehow spread out throughout the brain as a whole. Every part of the brain contains all the information necessary to recall a whole memory, just like the hologram of which every small fragment of a piece of holographic film contains all the information recorded in the whole.

Pribram concluded that if the brain works following the holographic model then so does the universe. Even though Pribram and Bohm worked independently, they arrived at the same conclusion similar to what the mystics had said that the world around us was just an illusion. The universe and everything within existing only in a series of a fraction of seconds successively separated by gaps of nonexistence.

Both the brain and cosmos work at the same mechanism and rhythm which make human feel at home as they are unaware of experiencing such weird underlying reality.

Notes:

a.  What we mean here by oneself is the material body. Consciousness, information (knowledge) and intelligence are forms of more sophisticated energy which persist through time.

b.   Descartes who introduced coordinate systems to describe the order in physical process strongly influence our current concepts of order. The Cartesian grid and those of curvilinear coordinates essentially described a local order of separate points. The quantum realm, however, does not take this kind of local order and seems to have no significant order which Bohm called implicit or enfolded order. This kind of nonlocal order is what hologram does have.

References: 

1.  Talbot, M.: "The Holographic Universe," HarperPerennial, New York, 1992, p. 46-49

2.  Bohm, D. et al.: "The Undivided Universe," Routledge, London, 1993, p. 374-380.

The Brain and Universe as Hologram

The Nothingness, Implicate Order and Non-locality

Most people wrongly perceive matter as an object existing in an empty space. Space is far from the vacuum, it is a plenum full of energy, the ground for all existence, inanimate and animate beings.

The matter is merely an ephemeral derivative of energy perpetually created and annihilated at the interface of the positive and negative energy as the result of the interaction of those opposite energies ^a). Despite its apparent materiality and enormous size, this interface - the 3D-space and its content (universe) - does not exist in and of itself. Together with the matter, it contains, space perpetually appears and disappears at the rate equal to the speed of light creating a dynamic dimension which we call time.

In a deeper reality, this dynamic ephemeral space might be described as a front wave propagating at the speed of light across an unimaginably vast ocean of high energy (Figure-1A). This front wave perpetually rises and dissipates above and to the surface of the ocean, manifesting respectively, using Bohm’s terms, the unfoldment of the implicate order and the enfoldment of the explicate order ^b).

It is only at this wave structure (unfolded order) that every materialized thing is localized. In this front wave, the universe where we live, the local order implies. Its surrounding (enfolded order), in front and behind the wave as well as in the vast ocean beneath it, is non-local ^c). The surrounding of our universe, the undisturbed vast ocean of energy, which we used to think as nothingness, is, in fact, a real plenum. Nothingness, emptiness, vacuum, nonexistence ^d) or whatever you call it is just pure human imagination.

Bohm was awfully correct when he stated that because the implicate order is the foundation that has given birth to everything in our universe, this infinite sea of energy must contain every configuration of matter that has been or will be created, energy, information (knowledge), consciousness, intelligence, and life ^e).

But again Bohm had no idea on how to describe physically these deep layering realities. He talked about super-implicate order by extending the notion of implicate order to quantum fields instead of particles ^f). The whole idea of implicate order could be extended in a natural way implying indefinitely higher levels of implicate order. In order to visualize the Bohm’s idea, we may enhance it by figuring out that each of those multi-layered implicate orders (energy, information, consciousness, intelligence, and life) is embedded one within another, in successively higher and higher dimensions (Figure-1B, C and D) ^g).

Notes:

a. The 4-dimensional spacetime is split into two parts as the positive and negative energies segregating from each other. The interface of these opposite energies is the 3-dimensional [hyper] surface on which particles are created as the result of those energies’ interaction. This interaction takes place as the quantum fields generated by the opposite energies piercing through the interface igniting quantum sparks we perceive as particles.   

b.  Bohm ¹ described the universe as a comparatively small pattern of excitation, a ripple on the infinite ocean of energy which is a deeper order enfolded in the warp of the reality. Bohm failed to elucidate his idea more explicitly by describing geometrically i.e. the relative dimensionality of the ripple vis-a-vis that of the ocean of energy. As such, his description of the universe in term of implicate and explicate order was blamed to be merely a metaphor.

c.   Our classical notions of localized order imply in spacetime arise as limiting cases of the deeper implicate order. The manifest level of ordinary experience and the quantum level underlying it emerge from a still deeper implicate level in which the classical Cartesian notions of form, order, and structure have more or less dissolved. Bohm believed that the implicate order would be more suitable for expressing the basic laws of nature than the explicate order which is only a particular case of the general order.

d.    Nothingness in the sense of an absolute term in which it is devoid of matter as well as energy or anything else. 

e.  We may call all of the later (information, consciousness, intelligence, and life) energy but in different degree of sophistication (dimensions).

f.     There is indeed no distinction between the fields and spacetime itself.

g.   The dimensions shown in the figure are relative. We should bear in our mind that each of those individuals (energy, information, consciousness, intelligence, and life) may have different levels of existence and, those, the variety of their dimensions.

References: 

1.    Bohm, D. et al.: “The Undivided Universe”, Routledge, London, 1993, p. 374-380.

2.    Talbot, M.: "The Holographic Universe", HarperPerennial, New York, 1992, p. 46-49

The Nothingness, Implicate Order and Non-locality

Quantum Annihilation and the Non-locality

The continuity of the passage of time we see in nature is not what it seems to be. It is more like the continuity of the pictures we see in the movie which are in reality the projection of a series of discrete pictures which gives us a perception of seeing events running continuously through time. While the pictures taken for the movie consisted of a series of two-dimensional images separated by gaps, those of the universe consist of a series of 10⁴⁴ snapshots of the whole three-dimensional space per second separated consecutively by a gap of nonexistence (Figure 1A).

The appearance of the space together with everything it contains is what we call the present time, promptly followed by its disappearance dissolving everything into nonexistence ^a) we call the past. This alternation of the existence – nonexistence is what we perceive as the passage of time ^b). 

Why does universe seem to be so over-designed in that the inclusion of a series of wasteful nonexistence is required? Far from being futile, this gap of nonexistence is strongly needed as the means to preserve the universe as a single whole regardless of the limitation of the light speed which in this case is not applicable.

Space together with everything within dissolves entirely in such a gap of non-existence. As the locality has no longer any meaning, the state of nonexistence manifests the undivided wholeness. All become united and entangled in which the implicate order of non-locality implies ^c).

The state of existence which is the unfoldment of the implicate order of non-locality manifests the explicate order of locality ^d). The perpetual creation and annihilation, therefore, fashions alternately the locality and non-locality orders (Figure-1B). These succeeding unfoldment of the implicate and enfoldment of the explicate orders take place at the rate equal to the speed of light. Alas, David Bohm¹ who first proposed the theory of the implicate order did not elaborate it to this direction, which makes people consider his theory as a mere metaphor.  

The gross sum of contributions of those explicit-implicit orders or local-nonlocal orders ^e) is mathematically described by what is called the wavefunction. As the quantum measurement can only gauge [the snapshot of] the explicate order, and not the complete series of the implicate-explicate orders, it gives us a perception as though the act of measurement collapses the wavefunction.

The perpetual successive transformation of the local and non-local orders which is not in point-to-point correspondence makes the quantum probabilistic mechanism seem to take over the classical deterministic mechanism. 

Notes:

 

a.  In the state of nonexistence, everything dissolves into energy in which space and time has no meaning. It signifies that in such nonexistence the non-local order implies.

b.  It implies that there is no such [material] thing persists in nature. Everything "within" space perpetually appears and disappears "through" time, except the energy which alone persists. The persistence of matter and space are just an illusion.

c.  The enfolded order which applies within such a non-local unbroken wholeness is what David Bohm called the implicate order, taking the analogy of the "order" produced in a hologram where each of its regions makes possible an image of the whole object. Rather than being in point-to-point correspondence, the whole object is enfolded in each part of the universe.

d. As what is usually described using a Cartesian grid or its extension of curvilinear coordinates. Locality fits comfortably within the space structure which is mathematically described by a differential manifold.

e. Mostly all the laws of motion in quantum mechanics correspond to enfoldment and unfoldment. Bohm ¹ put forward that the relation between the wave function at one time and its form in another time is determined by the propagator or the Green's function. The region near a point in space enfolds contribution from all over space at other times and vice-versa in which the Green's function is taken as the weighting factor.

References:

1.  Bohm, D. et al.: "The Undivided Universe," Routledge, London, 1993, p. 350-355.

2.  Talbot, M.: "The Holographic Universe," HarperPerennial, New York, 1992, p. 46-49

Quantum Annihilation and the Non-locality

The Energy Equation that Physicists Don’t Fully Trust

Physicists have discovered that nature has a beautiful feature not only aesthetically but also mathematically which they call symmetry. The simplest symmetry we may get in nature is the pairing of fundamental particles such as that of particles-antiparticles or more complex [super] symmetry bosons-fermions. Even today physicists still tirelessly chase another particle’s symmetry i.e. super-partner particles which they yet find none.

  

Strangely enough, physicists don’t believe on the symmetry of energy, the most fundamental element of the reality, albeit the relativistic energy equation E²=m²c⁴+p²c², plainly shows otherwise. This formula shows us the evidence that the energy exists in pairing - the positive and negative energy – regardless they are neatly separated or not from each other.

For physicists, the existence of negative energy together with the positive energy is bad news as such a situation may lead to a spontaneous transition from positive to negative energy resulting in a catastrophic instability. Alas, one cannot preserve the positive frequency requirement in quantum mechanics whose wavefunctions are essentially complex ^a). The two square roots of a complex number expression do not tend to separate neatly into positive and negative in a globally consistent way as what the physicists have expected¹.  

Are we, then, faced with an impasse situation? Well, on everybody surprise we are absolutely not. On the contrary, the existence of the positive and negative energies is a fundamental feature that nature requires for the creation and reproduction of everything in the universe. Without such an opposite pair, the world would be sterile from anything material in which space and time have no meaning.

As far as the mainstream physics keep adopting the current single block ^b) universe "containing" no negative but positive energy to represent the actual world (Figure-1), we would forever stay with the crisis that today physicists are facing.

Even when Dirac proposed the existence of the ocean of [occupied] negative energy state ^c), nobody was cautious enough to give this Dirac’s sea its proper geographical place in the spacetime which should be next to the positive energy ocean, the anti-Dirac’s sea (Figure-2A).

Sooner or later, the mainstream physicists should adopt a 4-dimensional split universe in which the positive and negative energy exist together separated by a 3-dimensional interface (4-dimensional hypersurface with a very thin thickness ^d)) in between.

As we have previously elucidated, such interface does not separate neatly the positive and negative in a globally consistent way, in the sense that it e is extremely unstable.  It even barely exists, perpetually appears and disappears in and out of the existence.

This 3-dimensional interface, the physical space that we experience in, is nothing but the unit of time we call the present time (Figure-2B). The perpetual formation and dissolution of this present time are what we usually perceive as the time passage. It is such an idea that philosophers call presentism.

As in Galilean dynamics, we have not just one space but a different space ^e) for each moment in time. Space evaporates completely as one moment passes, and reappears as a completely different space as the next moment arrives ². It is the factual reality that, alas, the mainstream physicists including Penrose himself rule out.

The material things exist strictly in the 3-dimensional interface (the present time), not in the outside of it. Matters appear and disappear at this 3-dimensional "screen" as the projection of the positive and negative energy interaction. In a close look, even in the place where there is no matter we can see virtual particles briefly jiggling violently in and out of the existence.

The 3-dimensional "interfacial tension" which keeps away the interface [and all matter within] from falling apart is what we call the gravitational constant. There are no such gravitational waves that propagate across the spacetime. Their propagation is limited to this sheet of the 3-dimensional interface which appears and disappears "through time" as a single whole.

Finally, this 3-dimensional interface which thickness is equal to the Planck distance (10^-33 cm), the thinnest scale that nature allows, is perpetually created and annihilated at the rate equal to the speed of light, an enigmatic constant that physicists hitherto has taken as a gift from above. Naturally, no matter can move exceeding the speed limit that is equal to the rate of its perpetual creation [and annihilation].

Notes:

a.  In quantum mechanics, the momentum p may be replaced (quantization trick) by -iħ∂/∂x

b. Sometimes it is called a block universe. In such a world, matters may exist throughout the whole spacetime in an equal footing put in order by a light-cones framework. There is no definite place for the present time, past and future in such a framework, which Einstein worried so much. Philosophers call such a block universe’s idea eternalism.

c.  After he finally became convinced that the negative frequency solutions of the relativistic energy formula cannot be [mathematically] eliminated.

d.    The thickness (in the direction of its fourth dimension) of this interface is about 10^-33 cm in which the quantum mechanics prevails.

e.   Even Minkowski described his spacetime in a similar way ³: "we should then have in the world no longer space, but an infinite number of spaces, analogously as there are in three-dimensional space an infinite number of planes. Three-dimensional geometry becomes a chapter in four-dimensional physics". Had he added that all those spaces are just potential - no matter of their normal directions point to - and only one space appears in a brief moment, he would be presentist.

References:

1.    Penrose. R.: "The Road to Reality," Vintage Books, London, 2005, p. 614-616.

2.    Ibid, p. 387

3.    Einstein, A. et al.: "The Principle of Reality," Dover Publication Inc.,  New York, 1952, p.79-80.Bottom of Form

The Energy Equation that Physicists Don’t Fully Trust